PSB 2000 Exam #2 | Florida State University | UPDATED
Questions with 100% Verified Answers
Q1: What are ionotropic receptors?
A: Ligand-gated channels. Neurotransmitter (ligand) binds -> channel opens -> ions pass
through -> EPSP or IPSP.
Q2: What are metabotropic receptors?
A: These receptors do not have channels. Neurotransmitter binds -> G-protein on
intracellular side of receptors is activated -> activates 2nd messenger -> many effects,
including open or close ion channels (->EPSP or IPSP) and intracellular changes.
Q3: EPSP=
A: positively charged ion
Q4: IPSP=
A: negatively charged ions.
Q5: Ionotropic receptors effects are...
A: faster, more transient effects.
Q6: Metabotropic receptors effects are...
A: slower but longer lasting effects.
Q7: Most neurotransmitters have ____ ionotropic and metabotropic
receptors.
A: both
Q8: Glutamate
A: Main excitatory neurotransmitter. Important for memory formation.
Q9: GABA
A: Main inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA- A receptor is typically targeted for anxiety
treatment (benzodiazepines).
Q10: Some NTs are made by discreet nuclei & transported
throughout brain, these being...
A: Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Norepinepherine, and Serotonin.
Q11: Acetylcholine
, A: PNS
Cortical activation
1st NT lost in Alzheimer's Disease
( Also made in the basal forebrain.
In the CNS it blankets the cortex. Vey broad.)(Cholinergic).
Q12: Dopamine
A: Reward & reinforcement
Cognition
Movement (BG)
Dysregulated in schizophrenia.
Made in Basal forebrain.
( Includes Mesolimbocortical pathway and Mesostraital pathway) ( In schizophrenia,
there is too much neuro activity. We treat psychotic symptoms that decrease the amount
of dopamine the brain is making). Dopaminergic.
Q13: Mesolimbocortical Pathway
A: Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens and cortex (VTA goes very broadly
to cortex and limbic structures). Made within the midbrain.
Q14: Mesostriatal Pathway
A: Substantia nigra to basal ganglia (these neurons are lost in Parkinson's disease). Made
within the midbrain.
Q15: Norepinepherine
A: Sympathetic NS
Alertness/vigilance
Mood
Appetite
Made in the Locus coeruleus to forebrain. Lateral tegmental area to brainstem and spinal
chord.
Q16: Serotonin
A: Sleep
Anxiety
Mood
Appetite
Midbrain raphe nuclei to forebrain; brainstem raphe nuclei to spinal chord. Serotonergic.
Q17: All three Neurotransmitter pathways begin with stuff found in
our ____.
A: diet
Q18: Acetylcholine is made from choline which is abundant in...
, A: eggs, milk and peanuts.
Q19: Phenylalenine and tyrosine are amino acids and thus found in
almost any _____.
A: protein
Q20: Dopamine, NE and epinephrine make up the ______ b/c contain
a catechol group and an amine group.
A: catecholamines
Q21: Monoamines
A: catecholamines & serotonin
Q22: Peptides
A: Endogenous Opioids (endorphins, enkephalin)
Some made in gut & brain - important in ingestive behavior
Posterior pituitary hormones (oxytocin & vasopressin).
Q23: Gasses
A: Can't be stored; made on demand
Diffuse out of and into cells -> directly affect 2nd messenger systems
Often work in retrograde direction.
Q24: Psychotropic drugs affect brain activity because they affect a
neurotransmitter system
A: Increases or decreases neurotransmitter synthesis.
Increases or decreases neurotransmitter release
Binds to & activate a receptor
Bind to & block a receptor
Alters the amount of time a neurotransmitter is in the synaptic cleft
Blocks or increases neurotransmitter degradation or reuptake.
( Drugs have an effect because it can impact the bbb and influences the
neurotransmitters.)
Q25: In general, psychotropic drugs affect brain activity because
they affect _____________________
A: neurotransmitter system and blood brain barrier.
Q26: What happens to neurotransmitters when they are released?
A: Action Potentials cause the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft ->
Neurotransmitters bind to receptor proteins in the postsynaptic cell.
Questions with 100% Verified Answers
Q1: What are ionotropic receptors?
A: Ligand-gated channels. Neurotransmitter (ligand) binds -> channel opens -> ions pass
through -> EPSP or IPSP.
Q2: What are metabotropic receptors?
A: These receptors do not have channels. Neurotransmitter binds -> G-protein on
intracellular side of receptors is activated -> activates 2nd messenger -> many effects,
including open or close ion channels (->EPSP or IPSP) and intracellular changes.
Q3: EPSP=
A: positively charged ion
Q4: IPSP=
A: negatively charged ions.
Q5: Ionotropic receptors effects are...
A: faster, more transient effects.
Q6: Metabotropic receptors effects are...
A: slower but longer lasting effects.
Q7: Most neurotransmitters have ____ ionotropic and metabotropic
receptors.
A: both
Q8: Glutamate
A: Main excitatory neurotransmitter. Important for memory formation.
Q9: GABA
A: Main inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA- A receptor is typically targeted for anxiety
treatment (benzodiazepines).
Q10: Some NTs are made by discreet nuclei & transported
throughout brain, these being...
A: Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Norepinepherine, and Serotonin.
Q11: Acetylcholine
, A: PNS
Cortical activation
1st NT lost in Alzheimer's Disease
( Also made in the basal forebrain.
In the CNS it blankets the cortex. Vey broad.)(Cholinergic).
Q12: Dopamine
A: Reward & reinforcement
Cognition
Movement (BG)
Dysregulated in schizophrenia.
Made in Basal forebrain.
( Includes Mesolimbocortical pathway and Mesostraital pathway) ( In schizophrenia,
there is too much neuro activity. We treat psychotic symptoms that decrease the amount
of dopamine the brain is making). Dopaminergic.
Q13: Mesolimbocortical Pathway
A: Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens and cortex (VTA goes very broadly
to cortex and limbic structures). Made within the midbrain.
Q14: Mesostriatal Pathway
A: Substantia nigra to basal ganglia (these neurons are lost in Parkinson's disease). Made
within the midbrain.
Q15: Norepinepherine
A: Sympathetic NS
Alertness/vigilance
Mood
Appetite
Made in the Locus coeruleus to forebrain. Lateral tegmental area to brainstem and spinal
chord.
Q16: Serotonin
A: Sleep
Anxiety
Mood
Appetite
Midbrain raphe nuclei to forebrain; brainstem raphe nuclei to spinal chord. Serotonergic.
Q17: All three Neurotransmitter pathways begin with stuff found in
our ____.
A: diet
Q18: Acetylcholine is made from choline which is abundant in...
, A: eggs, milk and peanuts.
Q19: Phenylalenine and tyrosine are amino acids and thus found in
almost any _____.
A: protein
Q20: Dopamine, NE and epinephrine make up the ______ b/c contain
a catechol group and an amine group.
A: catecholamines
Q21: Monoamines
A: catecholamines & serotonin
Q22: Peptides
A: Endogenous Opioids (endorphins, enkephalin)
Some made in gut & brain - important in ingestive behavior
Posterior pituitary hormones (oxytocin & vasopressin).
Q23: Gasses
A: Can't be stored; made on demand
Diffuse out of and into cells -> directly affect 2nd messenger systems
Often work in retrograde direction.
Q24: Psychotropic drugs affect brain activity because they affect a
neurotransmitter system
A: Increases or decreases neurotransmitter synthesis.
Increases or decreases neurotransmitter release
Binds to & activate a receptor
Bind to & block a receptor
Alters the amount of time a neurotransmitter is in the synaptic cleft
Blocks or increases neurotransmitter degradation or reuptake.
( Drugs have an effect because it can impact the bbb and influences the
neurotransmitters.)
Q25: In general, psychotropic drugs affect brain activity because
they affect _____________________
A: neurotransmitter system and blood brain barrier.
Q26: What happens to neurotransmitters when they are released?
A: Action Potentials cause the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft ->
Neurotransmitters bind to receptor proteins in the postsynaptic cell.
