NUR 301 Cuny Lehman College -Pathophysiology Exam #1
– Porth Questions | 2026/2027 | Answers Correct | With
Complete Solutions
"Trigger Events" of an Autoimmune Disease Correct Answers
-Infections
-Environmental
-May be genetic
4 stages of fever Correct Answers 1. Prodrome - nonspecific
complaints
2. Chill - during which temperature rises - cold, shaking
3. Flush - cutaneous vasodilation makes skin warm, red
4. Defervescence - sweating
Not all have to be present.
4 Tissue Types Correct Answers - Epithelial - 3 distinct
surfaces, closely joined by cell adhesion molecules, and are
attached firmly to a basement membrane.
- Connective - most abundant tissue in the body, holds tissues
together.
- Muscle - responsible for movement and changes in size and
shape of internal organs
- Nervous - integrated communication system
4 types of virulence factors Correct Answers 1) Toxins
(endotoxins and exotoxins)
2) Adhesions Factors- ability to attach to host
3) Evasion Factors- ability to evade host's immune defenses
4) Invasion Factors- ability to penetrate barriers of host
,5 Stages of disease Correct Answers 1) Incubation Period
2) Prodromal Stage
3) Acute Stage
4) Convalescent Stage
5) Resolution Stage
6 Major causes of Hypercalcemia Correct Answers -
Hyperparathyroidism
- Phosphate retention in renal failure
- Increase release of calcium from bone as in immobilization
- Paget's disease - disorder that involves abnormal bone
destruction and regrowth
- Cancer with metastatic bone lesions
- Vitamin D intoxication
Active transport Correct Answers Any type of transport across
the cell membrane that REQUIRES energy as it moves material
against the concentration gradient.
Acute Stage Correct Answers -Host experiences maximum
impact of the infectious process
-Corresponding to rapid proliferation and dissemination of the
pathogen
-Toxic by-products of microbial metabolism, cell lysis, and the
immune response mounted by the host
-Production of tissue damage and inflammation
Adaptive immunity Correct Answers Involves humoral and
cell-mediated immune responses that react to a unique antigen,
can distinguish self from non-self, and develop immunologic
, memory, allowing a prompt and heightened response on
subsequent encounters with the same antigen
Apoptosis Correct Answers Programmed cell death. Highly
selective process that eliminates injured and aged cells, thereby
controlling tissue regeneration.
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis Correct Answers Necrosis differs from
apoptosis in that it involves unregulated enzymatic digestion of
cell components, loss of cell membrane integrity with
uncontrolled release of the products of cell death into the
extracellular space, and imitation of the inflammatory response.
Necrosis interferes with cell replacement and tissue
regeneration.
Atelectasis Correct Answers Refers to an incomplete expansion
of the lung or portion of the lung.
Atrophy Correct Answers -Change in size (decrease)
-Decreased work demands or adverse environmental conditions
-Lower more efficient level of functioning compatible with
survival
B cells differentiate into what? Correct Answers Plasma cells,
but need a first exposure
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation Correct Answers 1. Rubor or
redness
2. Tumor or swelling
3. Calor or heat
4. Dolor or pain
– Porth Questions | 2026/2027 | Answers Correct | With
Complete Solutions
"Trigger Events" of an Autoimmune Disease Correct Answers
-Infections
-Environmental
-May be genetic
4 stages of fever Correct Answers 1. Prodrome - nonspecific
complaints
2. Chill - during which temperature rises - cold, shaking
3. Flush - cutaneous vasodilation makes skin warm, red
4. Defervescence - sweating
Not all have to be present.
4 Tissue Types Correct Answers - Epithelial - 3 distinct
surfaces, closely joined by cell adhesion molecules, and are
attached firmly to a basement membrane.
- Connective - most abundant tissue in the body, holds tissues
together.
- Muscle - responsible for movement and changes in size and
shape of internal organs
- Nervous - integrated communication system
4 types of virulence factors Correct Answers 1) Toxins
(endotoxins and exotoxins)
2) Adhesions Factors- ability to attach to host
3) Evasion Factors- ability to evade host's immune defenses
4) Invasion Factors- ability to penetrate barriers of host
,5 Stages of disease Correct Answers 1) Incubation Period
2) Prodromal Stage
3) Acute Stage
4) Convalescent Stage
5) Resolution Stage
6 Major causes of Hypercalcemia Correct Answers -
Hyperparathyroidism
- Phosphate retention in renal failure
- Increase release of calcium from bone as in immobilization
- Paget's disease - disorder that involves abnormal bone
destruction and regrowth
- Cancer with metastatic bone lesions
- Vitamin D intoxication
Active transport Correct Answers Any type of transport across
the cell membrane that REQUIRES energy as it moves material
against the concentration gradient.
Acute Stage Correct Answers -Host experiences maximum
impact of the infectious process
-Corresponding to rapid proliferation and dissemination of the
pathogen
-Toxic by-products of microbial metabolism, cell lysis, and the
immune response mounted by the host
-Production of tissue damage and inflammation
Adaptive immunity Correct Answers Involves humoral and
cell-mediated immune responses that react to a unique antigen,
can distinguish self from non-self, and develop immunologic
, memory, allowing a prompt and heightened response on
subsequent encounters with the same antigen
Apoptosis Correct Answers Programmed cell death. Highly
selective process that eliminates injured and aged cells, thereby
controlling tissue regeneration.
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis Correct Answers Necrosis differs from
apoptosis in that it involves unregulated enzymatic digestion of
cell components, loss of cell membrane integrity with
uncontrolled release of the products of cell death into the
extracellular space, and imitation of the inflammatory response.
Necrosis interferes with cell replacement and tissue
regeneration.
Atelectasis Correct Answers Refers to an incomplete expansion
of the lung or portion of the lung.
Atrophy Correct Answers -Change in size (decrease)
-Decreased work demands or adverse environmental conditions
-Lower more efficient level of functioning compatible with
survival
B cells differentiate into what? Correct Answers Plasma cells,
but need a first exposure
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation Correct Answers 1. Rubor or
redness
2. Tumor or swelling
3. Calor or heat
4. Dolor or pain
