Psl301 Term Test 2 Updated Actual Questions And Correct Answers

PSL301 TERM TEST 2 UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. cardiovascular diseases primary examples
Answer:
- coronary heart disease
- cerebrovascular disease
- peripheral arterial disease
- rheumatic heart disease (streptococcal bacterial infection)
- congenital heart disease
- deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

Question:
2. controllable CVD risk factors
Answer:
smoking (endothelial cell damage), obesity (diabetes), sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, cholesterol,
stress

Question:
3. uncontrollable CVD risk factors
Answer:
sex (males = higher risk), age, family history

Question:
4. LDL vs HDL
Answer:
- lipoproteins
- LDL = bad cholesterol, can give up lipids that clog arteries
- HDL = good

Question:
5. atherosclerosis
Answer:
- build up of fatty material (plaque, mainly cholesterol) in subendothelial space under inner lining of
arteries
- plaque can cause thrombus
- thrombus can dislodge and circulate (thromboembolism)

Question:
6. LDL -> plaque mechanism

,Answer:
1) normal arterial wall
2) fatty streak: LDL accumulates with macrophages (inflammatory response, oxidize cholesterol
which makes it harder to remove) and smooth muscle cells (detach and move into new intima layer)
3) stable fibrous plaque: lipid core, fibrous scar tissues, macrophages become foam cells,
calcifications are deposited (smooth muscle cells -> bone cells)
4) vulnerable plaque: can rupture because of heterogenity, will attract platelets and macrophages if so

Question:
7. what happens when a plaque ruptures?
Answer:
triggers inflammation and blood clotting, clot can occlude entire artery

Question:
8. ischemic heart disease
Answer:
an imbalance between the supply of oxygen and the myocardial demand (hindered blood flow,
location of block determines severity)

Question:
9. ischemic heart disease symptom range
Answer:
- asymptomatic
- stable angina pectoris (periodic chest pain, treated with vasodilators)
- myocardial infarction (usually requires immediate surgery)
- arrhythmia
- heart failure
- sudden death

Question:
10. acute myocardial infarction diagnosis
Answer:
- chest pain
- myocardial enzyme elevation (released from damage): creatine kinase, troponin
- ECG changes: ST elevation

Question:
11. acute myocardial infarction treatment
Answer:
- rest, oxygen, analgesia
- aspirin -> block clotting
- thrombolysis: tPA
- primary angioplasty (balloon)
- beta blockers -> preserve energy use in heart
- ACE inhibitors: help heart work against high afterload

Question:
12. heart failure

,Answer:
inadequate cardiac output

Question:
13. heart failure causes
Answer:
heart disease, hypertension, electrolyte imbalance

Question:
14. heart failure treatment
Answer:
goal: make heart work more efficiently, reduce stress on heart
- digitalis: increase contractility
- diuretics: lower blood volume (MAP/afterload)
- nitroglycerin: vasodilation

Question:
15. angioplasty (percutaneous coronary intervention)
Answer:
balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open a clogged artery; stents are put in
place

Question:
16. coronary artery stent
Answer:
- for persistent CVD
- stent left in place after angioplasty
- issues: clotting on stent, regrowth of smooth muscle cells

Question:
17. bypass
Answer:
- requires open heart surgery
- graft vessels to bypass blocked vessels

Question:
18. heart transplants and artificial hearts
Answer:
- artificial: while waiting for donor, works alongside failing heart

Question:
19. variations in blood pressure (extrinsic factors)
Answer:
age, sex, weight, race, mood, posture, socioeconomic status, physical activity

Question:
20. hypertension

, Answer:
- sustained, elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher
- transient elevation normal
- chronic: major cause of heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, stroke

Question:
21. hypotension
Answer:
low BP, systolic <100, susceptible to orthostatic hypotension

Question:
22. essential hypertension
Answer:
unknown cause, ~90% of cases

Question:
23. secondary hypertension
Answer:
- other disease processes that affect blood flow
- damage to tissue, release of vasoactive chemicals
- damage to sympathetic nervous system
- damage to kidneys

Question:
24. adaptation in hypertension
Answer:
carotid and aortic baroceptors adapt to persistent hypertension, start to think the high pressure is
normal and become less sensitive (pressure remains elevated)

Question:
25. consequences of hypertension
Answer:
1) damage cerebral blood vessels, lead to stroke (clot/ischemia or hemorrhage)
2) increased cardiac load -> hypertrophy (more stiff, heart has to work more esp if peripheral
resistance hight)
3) atherosclerosis
4) pressure imbalances

Question:
26. orthostatic hypotension
Answer:
temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position

Question:
27. chronic hypotension
Answer:
- hint of poor nutrition
- warning sign for Addison's disease (adrenal cortex defect, lack of aldosterone)