Psl301 Term Test 1 Updated Actual Questions And Correct Answers

PSL301 TERM TEST 1 UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. Hematocrit
Answer:
percentage of blood volume that consists of red blood cells (normal range is 37-54%)

Question:
2. Plasma
Answer:
Fluid portion of blood consisting of 92% water, in addition to ions, gases like O2 and CO2, trace
elements and vitamins, and organic molecules including proteins such as albumins, globulin, and
fibrinogen from the liver

Question:
3. Plasma proteins
Answer:
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen proteins that play a role in colloid osmotic pressure, as buffers, and in
clotting

Question:
4. Formed elements
Answer:
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets otherwise called erythrocytes, leukocytes, and
thrombocytes.

Question:
5. Red blood cells
Answer:
cells that function as bags of hemoglobin and enzymes and are shaped as biconcave discs due to
cytoskeleton

Question:
6. Hemoglobin
Answer:
protein consisting of 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains, in addition to 4 heme groups with Fe2+ centers

Question:
7. Erythropoiesis
Answer:
production of red blood cells in the bone marrow
a committed progenitor cell with differentiate into an erythroblast and then reticulocyte and then
erythrocyte given that iron, B12, and folate are all present in the diet

Question:
8. Erythropoietin

,Answer:
hormone produced in the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production a decrease in oxygen will
stabilize the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor (HIFIalpha) which will increase hormone
levels

Question:
9. Colony stimulating factors
Answer:
Protein cytokine that stimulates the growth and proliferation of white blood cells (granulocytes) and
endothelial cells

Question:
10. Interleukins
Answer:
proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes

Question:
11. Adult sites of hematopoesis
Answer:
in the bone marrow of the pelvis, spine, ribs, cranium, and proximal long bones

Question:
12. Embryonic sites of hematopoesis
Answer:
in the yolk sac, liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Question:
13. Removal of red blood cells
Answer:
10% of all RBCs go through hemolysis those over 120 days old are taken up by macrophages which
break the cells into amino acids and heme. Heme is also broken down into Fe which is recycled
biliverdin which is broken down into bilirubin and then bile or excreted as urine

Question:
14. Iron transport
Answer:
after RBCs are broken down, Fe is transported by transferrin due to its reactivity and stored in the liver
as ferritin




Question:
15. Jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia)

, Answer:
yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes that may occur due to
1) increased red blood cell turnover
2) liver disease
3) bile duct obstruction

Question:
16. Aplastic anemia
Answer:
anemia characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell
production in the bone marrow can occur due to stem cell destruction from drugs or radiation

Question:
17. Nutritional/pernicious anemia
Answer:
anemia that occurs due to a lack of nutrients such as iron, folic acid, and B12

Question:
18. Renal anemia
Answer:
anemia that occurs due to low erythropoietin due to kidney failure

Question:
19. Hemolytic causes of high RBC removal
Answer:
genetic RBC defects such as sickle cell anemia parasites drugs such as antibiotics and antiseizure
medication autoimmune disorder

Question:
20. Hemorrhage
Answer:
Excessive or profuse bleeding leading to high RBC loss

Question:
21. Polycythemia
Answer:
Disorder characterized by a high hematocrit ( over 54%) leading to high blood viscosity
primary causes include abnormal erythrocyte precursors due to cancerous or precancerous cells
secondary causes include low delivery of oxygen to tissue leading to increased erythropoietin
production

Question:
22. Lymph nodes
Answer:
encapsulated lymphoid tissue filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body. They
function as a cleanser of lymph as wells as a site of T and B cell activation

Question:
23. Tonsils