PSL301 TERM TEST 1 UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. functions of blood
Answer:
1. transport gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste
2. regulates composition of interstitial fluid
3. restricts fluid loss at injury sites via blood clotting
4. defends against toxins + pathogens
5. regulates body temp by absorbing and redistributing heat
Question:
2. constituents of blood
Answer:
plasma and formed elements
Question:
3. hematocrit + normal levels
Answer:
= % of total blood volume occupied by packed (centrifuged) RBC males: 40-54%, females: 37-47%
Question:
4. components of plasma
Answer:
92% water ions organic molecules: AA, proteins, glc, lipids, nitrogenous waste proteins: albumins
(60%), globulins, fibrinogen, transferrin gases: CO2, O2
Question:
5. overall function of plasma proteins
Answer:
generate colloid osmotic pressure and buffer pH (bind to H+ to change the pH)
Question:
6. albumins function
Answer:
colloid osmotic pressure, hormone carriers
Question:
7. globulins function
Answer:
a and b: clotting factors, enzymes, carriers gamma: antibodies
Question:
8. fibrinogen function
Answer:
get cleaved to form fibrin, blood clotting
,Question:
9. transferrin function
Answer:
iron transport
Question:
10. components of formed elements (3)
Answer:
erythrocytes (RBC) , leukocytes (WBC), thrombocytes (platelets)
Question:
11. WBC types
Answer:
lymphocytes (20-40%) monocytes (2-8%) neutrophils (50-70%) eosinophils (1-4%) basophils (<1%)
phagocyes and granulocytes
Question:
12. phagocytes
Answer:
have phagocytic ability and can engulf: monocytes, neutrophils
Question:
13. granulocytes
Answer:
have granules: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Question:
14. differential white count
Answer:
Test that measures each type of white blood cell in your blood, used to detect infection
Question:
15. where do blood cells come from?
Answer:
before birth (in embryo): yolk sac, spleen, bone marrow after birth: bone marrow adults: pelvis, spine,
ribs, cranium, proximal end long bones
Question:
16. Hematopoiesis
Answer:
the formation of blood cells from stem cells. in bone marrow: 25% are developing erythrocytes (RBC)
and 75% are developing leukocytes (WBC) -> RBC last longer than WBC so we need to make more
WBC to replenish them
,Question:
17. Cytokines involved in hematopoiesis
Answer:
Erythropoietin (EPO) Thrombopoietin (TPO) Colony-stimulating factors, interleukins, stem cell factor
Question:
18. RBC shape
Answer:
have a biconcave disc shape with indents on both sides created by the cytoskeleton. they are
essentially bags filled with hemoglobin and enzymes
Question:
19. hemoglobin
Answer:
quaternary structure (4 subunits): 2 alpha + 2 beta chains -> interact non-covalently with a porphyrin
ring (each hemoglobin can bind 4 O2 as it has 4 porphyrin rings)
Question:
20. porphyrin ring
Answer:
interacts with R groups of chains on hemoglobin. iron atom in middle of ring: ferris state- unbound by
O2, ferric state- bound by O2. each iron atom binds to one ion of O2 noncovalently (cooperative
binding)
Question:
21. # of RBC
Answer:
dependent on the balanced production (erythropoiesis) and removal
Question:
22. Erythropoiesis
Answer:
the production of RBC. Erythropoietin (cytokine made in kidney) promotes erythropoiesis. It is
triggered by low O2 levels which stabalize transcription factor HIF1alpha to activate transcription of
the erythropoietin gene. *requires iron, vitB12 and folate in diet
Question:
23. what metabolism do mature RBC use?
, Answer:
anaerobic
Question:
24. RBC removal
Answer:
-old rbc get broken down by enzymes in macrophage (as they get older, they express lipids on surface
that get recognized by the macrophage)
-hemoglobin breaks down into AA to make other proteins OR more hemoglobin (goes back to bone
marrow)
-poryphin ring + iron: iron goes back to bone marrow and ring gets altered in structure into biliverdin
(secreted by hepatocytes into gallbladder to concentrate it, when it contracts, billiverdin goes into
intestine, converted by bacteria and released into poop).
-> billiverdin can also be filtered in the kidney = urine *billiverdin gives poop+pee color
Question:
25. Jaundice
Answer:
hyperbilirubinemia. caused by high turnover of RBC (causes jaundice because excessive hemoglobin
breakdown produces more bilirubin than the liver can process), liver disease (can't handle amounts of
bilirubin), and bile duct obstruction (can't excrete it)
Question:
26. anemia
Answer:
reduced ability of the blood to carry O2, due to low # of RBC/low hemoglobin. symptoms: tired,
weak, pale skin, headaches, dizzyness, etc can be caused by low production or high removal of RBC
Question:
27. anemia by low production
Answer:
causes
- destruction of stem cells via drugs/radiation (aplastic) (decreases stem cells)
- inadequate nutrients: iron, folic acid, vitB12
- low erythropoietin (kidney failure, can be medicated)
Question:
28. anemia by high production
Answer:
causes
1) Hemolytic
- genetic defects in RBC proteins, eg. hemoglobin (mutation in hemoglobin causes sickle cell anemia)
- parasitic infections
- drugs (some antibodies/anti-seizure drugs)
- autoimmune rxns
2) Hemorrhagic
- excessive blood loss
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Question:
1. functions of blood
Answer:
1. transport gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste
2. regulates composition of interstitial fluid
3. restricts fluid loss at injury sites via blood clotting
4. defends against toxins + pathogens
5. regulates body temp by absorbing and redistributing heat
Question:
2. constituents of blood
Answer:
plasma and formed elements
Question:
3. hematocrit + normal levels
Answer:
= % of total blood volume occupied by packed (centrifuged) RBC males: 40-54%, females: 37-47%
Question:
4. components of plasma
Answer:
92% water ions organic molecules: AA, proteins, glc, lipids, nitrogenous waste proteins: albumins
(60%), globulins, fibrinogen, transferrin gases: CO2, O2
Question:
5. overall function of plasma proteins
Answer:
generate colloid osmotic pressure and buffer pH (bind to H+ to change the pH)
Question:
6. albumins function
Answer:
colloid osmotic pressure, hormone carriers
Question:
7. globulins function
Answer:
a and b: clotting factors, enzymes, carriers gamma: antibodies
Question:
8. fibrinogen function
Answer:
get cleaved to form fibrin, blood clotting
,Question:
9. transferrin function
Answer:
iron transport
Question:
10. components of formed elements (3)
Answer:
erythrocytes (RBC) , leukocytes (WBC), thrombocytes (platelets)
Question:
11. WBC types
Answer:
lymphocytes (20-40%) monocytes (2-8%) neutrophils (50-70%) eosinophils (1-4%) basophils (<1%)
phagocyes and granulocytes
Question:
12. phagocytes
Answer:
have phagocytic ability and can engulf: monocytes, neutrophils
Question:
13. granulocytes
Answer:
have granules: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Question:
14. differential white count
Answer:
Test that measures each type of white blood cell in your blood, used to detect infection
Question:
15. where do blood cells come from?
Answer:
before birth (in embryo): yolk sac, spleen, bone marrow after birth: bone marrow adults: pelvis, spine,
ribs, cranium, proximal end long bones
Question:
16. Hematopoiesis
Answer:
the formation of blood cells from stem cells. in bone marrow: 25% are developing erythrocytes (RBC)
and 75% are developing leukocytes (WBC) -> RBC last longer than WBC so we need to make more
WBC to replenish them
,Question:
17. Cytokines involved in hematopoiesis
Answer:
Erythropoietin (EPO) Thrombopoietin (TPO) Colony-stimulating factors, interleukins, stem cell factor
Question:
18. RBC shape
Answer:
have a biconcave disc shape with indents on both sides created by the cytoskeleton. they are
essentially bags filled with hemoglobin and enzymes
Question:
19. hemoglobin
Answer:
quaternary structure (4 subunits): 2 alpha + 2 beta chains -> interact non-covalently with a porphyrin
ring (each hemoglobin can bind 4 O2 as it has 4 porphyrin rings)
Question:
20. porphyrin ring
Answer:
interacts with R groups of chains on hemoglobin. iron atom in middle of ring: ferris state- unbound by
O2, ferric state- bound by O2. each iron atom binds to one ion of O2 noncovalently (cooperative
binding)
Question:
21. # of RBC
Answer:
dependent on the balanced production (erythropoiesis) and removal
Question:
22. Erythropoiesis
Answer:
the production of RBC. Erythropoietin (cytokine made in kidney) promotes erythropoiesis. It is
triggered by low O2 levels which stabalize transcription factor HIF1alpha to activate transcription of
the erythropoietin gene. *requires iron, vitB12 and folate in diet
Question:
23. what metabolism do mature RBC use?
, Answer:
anaerobic
Question:
24. RBC removal
Answer:
-old rbc get broken down by enzymes in macrophage (as they get older, they express lipids on surface
that get recognized by the macrophage)
-hemoglobin breaks down into AA to make other proteins OR more hemoglobin (goes back to bone
marrow)
-poryphin ring + iron: iron goes back to bone marrow and ring gets altered in structure into biliverdin
(secreted by hepatocytes into gallbladder to concentrate it, when it contracts, billiverdin goes into
intestine, converted by bacteria and released into poop).
-> billiverdin can also be filtered in the kidney = urine *billiverdin gives poop+pee color
Question:
25. Jaundice
Answer:
hyperbilirubinemia. caused by high turnover of RBC (causes jaundice because excessive hemoglobin
breakdown produces more bilirubin than the liver can process), liver disease (can't handle amounts of
bilirubin), and bile duct obstruction (can't excrete it)
Question:
26. anemia
Answer:
reduced ability of the blood to carry O2, due to low # of RBC/low hemoglobin. symptoms: tired,
weak, pale skin, headaches, dizzyness, etc can be caused by low production or high removal of RBC
Question:
27. anemia by low production
Answer:
causes
- destruction of stem cells via drugs/radiation (aplastic) (decreases stem cells)
- inadequate nutrients: iron, folic acid, vitB12
- low erythropoietin (kidney failure, can be medicated)
Question:
28. anemia by high production
Answer:
causes
1) Hemolytic
- genetic defects in RBC proteins, eg. hemoglobin (mutation in hemoglobin causes sickle cell anemia)
- parasitic infections
- drugs (some antibodies/anti-seizure drugs)
- autoimmune rxns
2) Hemorrhagic
- excessive blood loss
