NURS_102: Fundamentals of Nursing Prep with
Detailed Rationales
Course Code: NURS_102
Course Name: Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Person-Centered
Care
Topic: Comprehensive Review & Person-Centered Concepts
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Question 1
A nurse is implementing Blended Competencies during a clinical interaction with
an anxious patient. The nurse uses excellent therapeutic communication techniques
to validate the patient’s fears while remaining technically flawless in their care.
Which competency is highlighted by this person-centered care delivery?
A. Technical competency
B. Cognitive competency
C. Legal/ethical competency
D. Interpersonal competency
CORRECT ANSWER: D
RATIONALE: Taylor’s textbook highlights four blended competencies.
Interpersonal competency involves establishing a therapeutic relationship,
,communicating effectively, and practicing person-centered compassion. Technical
competency involves motor skills; cognitive competency involves critical thinking;
and legal/ethical competency involves professional accountability.
Question 2
The nurse is reviewing Taylor's model of the nursing process. Which
characteristic best describes the dynamic nature of this framework?
A. It is a linear, sequential step system that cannot be altered once started.
B. It is systematic, continuous, cyclic, and overlapping in clinical application.
C. It focuses exclusively on treating disease processes diagnosed by providers.
D. It operates independently of any evaluation metrics or patient input.
CORRECT ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: The nursing process is dynamic, cyclic, and continuous. The
phases overlap significantly rather than being locked in a rigid linear pathway. It is
holistic and responsive to the patient's changing health status, rather than focusing
purely on a medical disease model.
Question 3
[DIAGRAM QUESTION] Consider the standard multi-step loop of the nursing
process. A nurse collects objective vital signs and interviews a family member
about the patient's changes in behavior. If the process is viewed as a circular flow
chart, which initial step is the nurse currently acting within?
A. Diagnosis
B. Planning
C. Assessment
D. Implementation
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: In the circular flowchart of the nursing process, Assessment is
the foundational step. This phase involves compiling subjective and objective data
from primary (patient) and secondary (family, records) sources to create a
comprehensive baseline database.
,Question 4
A nurse is utilizing the QSEN Competencies during morning clinical care. The
nurse reviews data showing a high rate of hospital-acquired infections on the unit
and actively collaborates on new handwashing tracking mechanisms. Which QSEN
competency is directly exemplified?
A. Patient-Centered Care
B. Informatics
C. Quality Improvement
D. Evidence-Based Practice
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Quality Improvement (QI) involves using data to monitor
outcomes of care processes and using improvement methods to design and test
changes to continuously improve the quality and safety of healthcare systems.
Question 5
A patient is admitted with severe respiratory distress. The nurse notes an arterial
blood gas (ABG) result of pH 7.28, PaCO2 56 mmHg, and HCO3 24 mEq/L.
Which acid-base imbalance is developing?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Acidosis
C. Respiratory Alkalosis
D. Metabolic Alkalosis
CORRECT ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: The pH is below 7.35, indicating acidosis. The PaCO2 is
elevated above 45 mmHg, which reflects the respiratory retention of carbon
dioxide. The HCO3 is normal, meaning the metabolic system has not compensated.
This signifies uncompensated respiratory acidosis.
Question 6
During a home assessment, the nurse notes that an older adult patient has poor
lighting, loose throw rugs, and no handrails in the bathroom. Which nursing
diagnosis takes highest priority for this environmental safety risk?
, A. Deficient Knowledge related to home decor strategies
B. Impaired Physical Mobility related to arthritis pain
C. Risk for Injury related to environmental hazards
D. Readiness for Enhanced Health Management
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Under Taylor’s framework of safety and risk management, the
presence of tangible environmental hazards paired with the patient’s vulnerability
directly validates the diagnosis of Risk for Injury. It represents an immediate
physical safety vulnerability.
Question 7
A nurse is preparing to insert a peripheral intravenous access line. Which step is
essential to maintain proper infection control during the procedure?
A. Wash hands and use clean non-sterile gloves during skin prep and insertion.
B. Perform hand hygiene, apply chlorhexidine skin antiseptic using friction,
and don clean gloves.
C. Cleanse the skin with water only and insert the catheter rapidly.
D. Wear a sterile surgical gown and sterile gloves for routine peripheral access.
CORRECT ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: Proper asepsis for a peripheral IV insertion requires hand
hygiene, skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine, and clean examination gloves. A full
sterile surgical gown is not required for routine peripheral access lines, but
maintaining clean-to-sterile point barriers is essential.
Question 8
A nurse is caring for a patient who has a stage 3 pressure injury. The nurse
observes thick yellow stringy tissue in the wound bed. How should the nurse
document this specific wound tissue variant?
A. Eschar
B. Slough
C. Granulation
D. Epithelialization
Detailed Rationales
Course Code: NURS_102
Course Name: Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Person-Centered
Care
Topic: Comprehensive Review & Person-Centered Concepts
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Question 1
A nurse is implementing Blended Competencies during a clinical interaction with
an anxious patient. The nurse uses excellent therapeutic communication techniques
to validate the patient’s fears while remaining technically flawless in their care.
Which competency is highlighted by this person-centered care delivery?
A. Technical competency
B. Cognitive competency
C. Legal/ethical competency
D. Interpersonal competency
CORRECT ANSWER: D
RATIONALE: Taylor’s textbook highlights four blended competencies.
Interpersonal competency involves establishing a therapeutic relationship,
,communicating effectively, and practicing person-centered compassion. Technical
competency involves motor skills; cognitive competency involves critical thinking;
and legal/ethical competency involves professional accountability.
Question 2
The nurse is reviewing Taylor's model of the nursing process. Which
characteristic best describes the dynamic nature of this framework?
A. It is a linear, sequential step system that cannot be altered once started.
B. It is systematic, continuous, cyclic, and overlapping in clinical application.
C. It focuses exclusively on treating disease processes diagnosed by providers.
D. It operates independently of any evaluation metrics or patient input.
CORRECT ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: The nursing process is dynamic, cyclic, and continuous. The
phases overlap significantly rather than being locked in a rigid linear pathway. It is
holistic and responsive to the patient's changing health status, rather than focusing
purely on a medical disease model.
Question 3
[DIAGRAM QUESTION] Consider the standard multi-step loop of the nursing
process. A nurse collects objective vital signs and interviews a family member
about the patient's changes in behavior. If the process is viewed as a circular flow
chart, which initial step is the nurse currently acting within?
A. Diagnosis
B. Planning
C. Assessment
D. Implementation
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: In the circular flowchart of the nursing process, Assessment is
the foundational step. This phase involves compiling subjective and objective data
from primary (patient) and secondary (family, records) sources to create a
comprehensive baseline database.
,Question 4
A nurse is utilizing the QSEN Competencies during morning clinical care. The
nurse reviews data showing a high rate of hospital-acquired infections on the unit
and actively collaborates on new handwashing tracking mechanisms. Which QSEN
competency is directly exemplified?
A. Patient-Centered Care
B. Informatics
C. Quality Improvement
D. Evidence-Based Practice
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Quality Improvement (QI) involves using data to monitor
outcomes of care processes and using improvement methods to design and test
changes to continuously improve the quality and safety of healthcare systems.
Question 5
A patient is admitted with severe respiratory distress. The nurse notes an arterial
blood gas (ABG) result of pH 7.28, PaCO2 56 mmHg, and HCO3 24 mEq/L.
Which acid-base imbalance is developing?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Acidosis
C. Respiratory Alkalosis
D. Metabolic Alkalosis
CORRECT ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: The pH is below 7.35, indicating acidosis. The PaCO2 is
elevated above 45 mmHg, which reflects the respiratory retention of carbon
dioxide. The HCO3 is normal, meaning the metabolic system has not compensated.
This signifies uncompensated respiratory acidosis.
Question 6
During a home assessment, the nurse notes that an older adult patient has poor
lighting, loose throw rugs, and no handrails in the bathroom. Which nursing
diagnosis takes highest priority for this environmental safety risk?
, A. Deficient Knowledge related to home decor strategies
B. Impaired Physical Mobility related to arthritis pain
C. Risk for Injury related to environmental hazards
D. Readiness for Enhanced Health Management
CORRECT ANSWER: C
RATIONALE: Under Taylor’s framework of safety and risk management, the
presence of tangible environmental hazards paired with the patient’s vulnerability
directly validates the diagnosis of Risk for Injury. It represents an immediate
physical safety vulnerability.
Question 7
A nurse is preparing to insert a peripheral intravenous access line. Which step is
essential to maintain proper infection control during the procedure?
A. Wash hands and use clean non-sterile gloves during skin prep and insertion.
B. Perform hand hygiene, apply chlorhexidine skin antiseptic using friction,
and don clean gloves.
C. Cleanse the skin with water only and insert the catheter rapidly.
D. Wear a sterile surgical gown and sterile gloves for routine peripheral access.
CORRECT ANSWER: B
RATIONALE: Proper asepsis for a peripheral IV insertion requires hand
hygiene, skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine, and clean examination gloves. A full
sterile surgical gown is not required for routine peripheral access lines, but
maintaining clean-to-sterile point barriers is essential.
Question 8
A nurse is caring for a patient who has a stage 3 pressure injury. The nurse
observes thick yellow stringy tissue in the wound bed. How should the nurse
document this specific wound tissue variant?
A. Eschar
B. Slough
C. Granulation
D. Epithelialization
