NURS 615 Advanced Pharmacotherapeutics 2027 Exam 1
Questions and Answers
Question 1.
What is a Black Box Warning:
Answer: is considered a contraindication to administer that drug.
Question 2.
What is the drugs half-life?
Answer: Half-life specifically means the amount of time it takes for an
administered drug to be halfway cleared from the system.
Question 3.
Peak of action:
Answer: the time between drug administration and maximum concentration of
drug in the blood stream. Best therapeutic effect.
Question 4.
Duration of action:
Answer: the time between onset of action and metabolism of drug below the
minimum needed for an effect. The length of time you have the drug in your
system.
Question 5.
According to the WHO what is the first step in the prescribing process?
Answer: The first step is to define the patient's problem
Question 6.
The second step is to
Answer: specify the therapeutic objective
Question 7.
The third step is to
Answer: choose which drug or treatment is needed.
Question 8.
Step 4 of the WHO approach:
,Answer: Start the treatment
Question 9.
Step 5 of the WHO approach:
Answer: Educate the patient
• Step 6 of the WHO approach: Answer: Monitor the treatment
Question 10.
Phase 1 of drug development:
Answer: The drug is tested on healthy volunteers
Question 11.
Phase 2 of drug development:
Answer: trials with people who have the disease for which the drug is thought
to be effective
Question 12.
Phase 3 of drug development:
Answer: Large numbers of patients in medical research centers receive the
drug in phase 3. This larger sampling provides information about infrequent
or rare adverse effects. The FFA will approve a new drug application if phase 3
studies are satisfactory.
Question 13.
Phase 4 of drug development:
Answer: This phase is voluntary and involves postmarket surveillance of the
drug's therapeutic effects at the completion of phase
3. The pharmaceutical company receives reports from doctors and other
health care professionals about the therapeutic results and adverse effects of
the drug. Some medications, for example, have been found to be toxic and
have been removed from the market after their initial release.
Question 14.
Explain first pass metabolism
Answer: much of the drug is lost in the absorption process. The liver
metabolizes many drugs, thus reduces the bioavailabilty of the drug.
, Question 15.
What is the fasted route of absorption:
Answer: The fastest route of absorption is inhalation, and not as mistakenly
considered the IV administration.
Question 16.
Why does the GI tract take longer to absorb?
Answer: The GI tract is lined with epithelial cells; drugs must permeate
through these cells in order to be absorbed into the circulatory system.
• What is One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a
given drug? Answer: the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid
bilayers which form a semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid bilayers are
generally permeable only to small and uncharged solutes, hence whether or
not a molecule is ionized will affect its absorption, since ionic molecules are
charged.
Question 17.
What is solubility?
Answer: Solubility favors charged species, permeability favors neutral
species. Some molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to
facilitate movement from the lumen into the circulation.
Question 18.
Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes?
Answer: Absorption occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane
systems of GI mucosal layers, muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
Question 19.
The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on:
Answer: whether the drug is water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs
easily cross through cell membranes; water-soluble drugs can't. Lipid-soluble
drugs can also cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.
Question 20.
As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with?
Answer: proteins such as the plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain
free or bind to the protein. The portion of a drug that's bound to a protein is
inactive and can't exert a therapeutic effect. Only the free, or unbound,
portion remains active. A drug is said to be highly protein-bound if more than
80% of the drug is bound to protein.
Questions and Answers
Question 1.
What is a Black Box Warning:
Answer: is considered a contraindication to administer that drug.
Question 2.
What is the drugs half-life?
Answer: Half-life specifically means the amount of time it takes for an
administered drug to be halfway cleared from the system.
Question 3.
Peak of action:
Answer: the time between drug administration and maximum concentration of
drug in the blood stream. Best therapeutic effect.
Question 4.
Duration of action:
Answer: the time between onset of action and metabolism of drug below the
minimum needed for an effect. The length of time you have the drug in your
system.
Question 5.
According to the WHO what is the first step in the prescribing process?
Answer: The first step is to define the patient's problem
Question 6.
The second step is to
Answer: specify the therapeutic objective
Question 7.
The third step is to
Answer: choose which drug or treatment is needed.
Question 8.
Step 4 of the WHO approach:
,Answer: Start the treatment
Question 9.
Step 5 of the WHO approach:
Answer: Educate the patient
• Step 6 of the WHO approach: Answer: Monitor the treatment
Question 10.
Phase 1 of drug development:
Answer: The drug is tested on healthy volunteers
Question 11.
Phase 2 of drug development:
Answer: trials with people who have the disease for which the drug is thought
to be effective
Question 12.
Phase 3 of drug development:
Answer: Large numbers of patients in medical research centers receive the
drug in phase 3. This larger sampling provides information about infrequent
or rare adverse effects. The FFA will approve a new drug application if phase 3
studies are satisfactory.
Question 13.
Phase 4 of drug development:
Answer: This phase is voluntary and involves postmarket surveillance of the
drug's therapeutic effects at the completion of phase
3. The pharmaceutical company receives reports from doctors and other
health care professionals about the therapeutic results and adverse effects of
the drug. Some medications, for example, have been found to be toxic and
have been removed from the market after their initial release.
Question 14.
Explain first pass metabolism
Answer: much of the drug is lost in the absorption process. The liver
metabolizes many drugs, thus reduces the bioavailabilty of the drug.
, Question 15.
What is the fasted route of absorption:
Answer: The fastest route of absorption is inhalation, and not as mistakenly
considered the IV administration.
Question 16.
Why does the GI tract take longer to absorb?
Answer: The GI tract is lined with epithelial cells; drugs must permeate
through these cells in order to be absorbed into the circulatory system.
• What is One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a
given drug? Answer: the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid
bilayers which form a semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid bilayers are
generally permeable only to small and uncharged solutes, hence whether or
not a molecule is ionized will affect its absorption, since ionic molecules are
charged.
Question 17.
What is solubility?
Answer: Solubility favors charged species, permeability favors neutral
species. Some molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to
facilitate movement from the lumen into the circulation.
Question 18.
Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes?
Answer: Absorption occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane
systems of GI mucosal layers, muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
Question 19.
The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on:
Answer: whether the drug is water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs
easily cross through cell membranes; water-soluble drugs can't. Lipid-soluble
drugs can also cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.
Question 20.
As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with?
Answer: proteins such as the plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain
free or bind to the protein. The portion of a drug that's bound to a protein is
inactive and can't exert a therapeutic effect. Only the free, or unbound,
portion remains active. A drug is said to be highly protein-bound if more than
80% of the drug is bound to protein.
