NURSNURS
6501 Final
6501 Exam
Final Exam
Advanced
Advanced
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
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Which hormone prompts increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal during a stress
response?
a. Norepinephrine
b. Epinephrine
c. Cortisol
d. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
A. The release of norepinephrine promotes arousal, increased vigilance, increased
anxiety, and other protective emotional responses. Epinephrine's effects are
primarily on the cardiovascular system. Cortisol's chief effects involve metabolic
processes. By inhibiting the use of metabolic substances while promoting their
formation, cortisol mobilizes glucose, amino acids, lipids, and fatty acids and
delivers them to the bloodstream. ACTH binds with specific receptors on the
adrenal glands which causes the release of the glucocorticoids.
A student asks the healthcare professional how immunity is decreased by stress.
The professional responds that during a stress response, the helper T (Th) 1
response is suppressed by which hormone?
a. ACTH
📝 !_______:
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6501 Final
6501 Exam
Final Exam
Advanced
Advanced
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
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b. Cortisol
c. Prolactin
d. Growth hormone
B. Cortisol acts to suppress the activity of Th1 cells, which leads to a decrease in
innate immunity and the proinflammatory response. Cortisol also stimulates the
activity of Th2 cells, which increases adaptive immunity and the antiinflammatory
response. ACTH binds with specific receptors on the adrenal glands which causes
the release of the glucocorticoids. Prolactin is secreted in response to a variety of
stressful stimuli and acts as a second messenger for IL-2 and has a positive
influence on B-cell activation and differentiation. Growth hormone affects
protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism; counters effects of insulin; and is
involved in tissue repair.
Stress-induced sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla causes the
secretion of what?
a. Epinephrine and aldosterone b. Norepinephrine and cortisol c. Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
d. Acetylcholine and cortisol
C. The sympathetic nervous system is aroused during the stress response and
causes the medulla of the adrenal gland to release catecholamines (80%
epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine) into the bloodstream. Sympathetic
stimulation of the adrenal medulla does not cause the secretion of aldosterone,
cortisol, or acetylcholine.
A severely stressed patient has cold, clammy skin. The healthcare professional
quizzes the student about this effect. The student correctly answers that this
effect is directly from which action?
📝 !_______:
Access the NURS 6501 Final Ex am bundle for Advanced Pathophysiology, latest 2025/2026 update, with solution. Review comprehen sive questions cov ering cellular mechanisms, organ syste m pathophysiology, dise ase processe s, and clinical decision -making to excel in exam s and master advanced practice nursing concepts.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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6501 Final
6501 Exam
Final Exam
Advanced
Advanced
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
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2025-2026
2025-2026
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a. Epinephrine dilating blood vessels leading to the vital organs
b. Norepinephrine constricting blood vessels in the skin
c. Dilating the airways to increased oxygenation of the tissues
d. Dysfunctional temperature regulation from cortisol secretion
B. In a stress response, the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine are
complementary. While epinephrine dilates blood vessels to the vital organs
(among other things), norepinephrine constricts blood vessels in the viscera and
skin, providing more blood supply for those vital organs. The clinical result is cold,
clammy skin. Epinephrine can also dilate airways, but this does not produce the
skin changes as described. Temperature dysregulation is not the cause of the cold,
clammy skin.
Released stress-induced cortisol results in the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by
affecting which structure?
a. Adrenal cortex
b. Pancreas
c. Liver
d. Anterior pituitary
C. One of the primary effects of cortisol is the stimulation of gluconeogenesis
through stimulation of the liver. The adrenal cortex, pancreas, and anterior
pituitary do not produce stimulation of gluconeogenesis when exposed to
cortisol.
What effect do androgens have on lymphocytes?
a. Suppression of B-cell responses and enhancement of T-cell responses
📝 !_______:
Access the NURS 6501 Final Ex am bundle for Advanced Pathophysiology, latest 2025/2026 update, with solution. Review comprehen sive questions cov ering cellular mechanisms, organ syste m pathophysiology, dise ase processe s, and clinical decision -making to excel in exam s and master advanced practice nursing concepts.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Final Exam
Advanced
Advanced
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
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b. Suppression of T-cell responses and enhancement of B-cell responses
c. Suppression of B- and T-cell responses
d. Enhancement of B- and T-cell responses
C. Androgens suppress T- and B-cell responses. Androgens do not enhance either
B- or T-cell responses
Which statement is true concerning the differences between stress-induced
hormonal alterations of men and women? a. After injury, women produce more
proinflammatory cytokines than men, a profile that is associated with poor
outcomes.
b. Androgens appear to induce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis after
injury, creating greater immunosuppression in injured men than in injured
women.
c. Psychologic stress associated with some types of competition decreases both
testosterone and cortisol, especially in athletes older than 45 years of age.
d. After stressful stimuli, estrogen is increased in women, but testosterone is
decreased in men.
B. Androgens appear to induce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis after
injury, a mechanism that may elicit a greater immunosuppression in injured men
vs. injured women. Men produce more proinflammatory cytokines. Competitive
stress increases testosterone and cortisol. Estrogen is not increased in women
after stressful stimuli.
A reduction in an individual's number of natural killer (NK) cells appears to
correlate with an increased risk for the development of what?
a. Depression
📝 !_______:
Access the NURS 6501 Final Ex am bundle for Advanced Pathophysiology, latest 2025/2026 update, with solution. Review comprehen sive questions cov ering cellular mechanisms, organ syste m pathophysiology, dise ase processe s, and clinical decision -making to excel in exam s and master advanced practice nursing concepts.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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6501 Final
6501 Exam
Final Exam
Advanced
Advanced
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
LatestLatest
2025-2026
2025-2026
BundleBundle
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Which hormone prompts increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal during a stress
response?
a. Norepinephrine
b. Epinephrine
c. Cortisol
d. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
A. The release of norepinephrine promotes arousal, increased vigilance, increased
anxiety, and other protective emotional responses. Epinephrine's effects are
primarily on the cardiovascular system. Cortisol's chief effects involve metabolic
processes. By inhibiting the use of metabolic substances while promoting their
formation, cortisol mobilizes glucose, amino acids, lipids, and fatty acids and
delivers them to the bloodstream. ACTH binds with specific receptors on the
adrenal glands which causes the release of the glucocorticoids.
A student asks the healthcare professional how immunity is decreased by stress.
The professional responds that during a stress response, the helper T (Th) 1
response is suppressed by which hormone?
a. ACTH
📝 !_______:
Access the NURS 6501 Final Ex am bundle for Advanced Pathophysiology, latest 2025/2026 update, with solution. Review comprehen sive questions cov ering cellular mechanisms, organ syste m pathophysiology, dise ase processe s, and clinical decision -making to excel in exam s and master advanced practice nursing concepts.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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6501 Final
6501 Exam
Final Exam
Advanced
Advanced
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
LatestLatest
2025-2026
2025-2026
BundleBundle
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b. Cortisol
c. Prolactin
d. Growth hormone
B. Cortisol acts to suppress the activity of Th1 cells, which leads to a decrease in
innate immunity and the proinflammatory response. Cortisol also stimulates the
activity of Th2 cells, which increases adaptive immunity and the antiinflammatory
response. ACTH binds with specific receptors on the adrenal glands which causes
the release of the glucocorticoids. Prolactin is secreted in response to a variety of
stressful stimuli and acts as a second messenger for IL-2 and has a positive
influence on B-cell activation and differentiation. Growth hormone affects
protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism; counters effects of insulin; and is
involved in tissue repair.
Stress-induced sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla causes the
secretion of what?
a. Epinephrine and aldosterone b. Norepinephrine and cortisol c. Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
d. Acetylcholine and cortisol
C. The sympathetic nervous system is aroused during the stress response and
causes the medulla of the adrenal gland to release catecholamines (80%
epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine) into the bloodstream. Sympathetic
stimulation of the adrenal medulla does not cause the secretion of aldosterone,
cortisol, or acetylcholine.
A severely stressed patient has cold, clammy skin. The healthcare professional
quizzes the student about this effect. The student correctly answers that this
effect is directly from which action?
📝 !_______:
Access the NURS 6501 Final Ex am bundle for Advanced Pathophysiology, latest 2025/2026 update, with solution. Review comprehen sive questions cov ering cellular mechanisms, organ syste m pathophysiology, dise ase processe s, and clinical decision -making to excel in exam s and master advanced practice nursing concepts.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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,NURSNURS
6501 Final
6501 Exam
Final Exam
Advanced
Advanced
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
LatestLatest
2025-2026
2025-2026
BundleBundle
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a. Epinephrine dilating blood vessels leading to the vital organs
b. Norepinephrine constricting blood vessels in the skin
c. Dilating the airways to increased oxygenation of the tissues
d. Dysfunctional temperature regulation from cortisol secretion
B. In a stress response, the actions of norepinephrine and epinephrine are
complementary. While epinephrine dilates blood vessels to the vital organs
(among other things), norepinephrine constricts blood vessels in the viscera and
skin, providing more blood supply for those vital organs. The clinical result is cold,
clammy skin. Epinephrine can also dilate airways, but this does not produce the
skin changes as described. Temperature dysregulation is not the cause of the cold,
clammy skin.
Released stress-induced cortisol results in the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by
affecting which structure?
a. Adrenal cortex
b. Pancreas
c. Liver
d. Anterior pituitary
C. One of the primary effects of cortisol is the stimulation of gluconeogenesis
through stimulation of the liver. The adrenal cortex, pancreas, and anterior
pituitary do not produce stimulation of gluconeogenesis when exposed to
cortisol.
What effect do androgens have on lymphocytes?
a. Suppression of B-cell responses and enhancement of T-cell responses
📝 !_______:
Access the NURS 6501 Final Ex am bundle for Advanced Pathophysiology, latest 2025/2026 update, with solution. Review comprehen sive questions cov ering cellular mechanisms, organ syste m pathophysiology, dise ase processe s, and clinical decision -making to excel in exam s and master advanced practice nursing concepts.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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, NURSNURS
6501 Final
6501 Exam
Final Exam
Advanced
Advanced
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
LatestLatest
2025-2026
2025-2026
BundleBundle
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b. Suppression of T-cell responses and enhancement of B-cell responses
c. Suppression of B- and T-cell responses
d. Enhancement of B- and T-cell responses
C. Androgens suppress T- and B-cell responses. Androgens do not enhance either
B- or T-cell responses
Which statement is true concerning the differences between stress-induced
hormonal alterations of men and women? a. After injury, women produce more
proinflammatory cytokines than men, a profile that is associated with poor
outcomes.
b. Androgens appear to induce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis after
injury, creating greater immunosuppression in injured men than in injured
women.
c. Psychologic stress associated with some types of competition decreases both
testosterone and cortisol, especially in athletes older than 45 years of age.
d. After stressful stimuli, estrogen is increased in women, but testosterone is
decreased in men.
B. Androgens appear to induce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis after
injury, a mechanism that may elicit a greater immunosuppression in injured men
vs. injured women. Men produce more proinflammatory cytokines. Competitive
stress increases testosterone and cortisol. Estrogen is not increased in women
after stressful stimuli.
A reduction in an individual's number of natural killer (NK) cells appears to
correlate with an increased risk for the development of what?
a. Depression
📝 !_______:
Access the NURS 6501 Final Ex am bundle for Advanced Pathophysiology, latest 2025/2026 update, with solution. Review comprehen sive questions cov ering cellular mechanisms, organ syste m pathophysiology, dise ase processe s, and clinical decision -making to excel in exam s and master advanced practice nursing concepts.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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