NUR 376 Pathophysiology Final UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers

NUR 376 Pathophysiology Final
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers

Question 1.
Adaptive immunity is?

Correct Answer: -2nd line of defense against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies


Question 2.
Two major categories of adaptive immunity

Correct Answer: 1. B lymphocyte immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)


Question 3.
Passive-acquired adaptive immunity

Correct Answer: -Individual given pre made, fully formed antibodies against
an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity.
Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk


Question 4.
Active acquired adaptive immunity

Correct Answer: Longer lasting immunity than passive- acquired adaptive
immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine


Question 5.
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression

Correct Answer: Immunocompetence refers to the individuals ability to protect
oneself from infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places person
at higher risk for infection.
• Define immunodeficiency -✓✓Weakened immune system


Question 6.
Define primary immunodeficiency

Correct Answer: Present @ birth, only affects one cell type
**IgA deficiency most common

,Question 7.
Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).

Correct Answer: Negatively affects both B and T cell development so there is
increased risk for infection.


Question 8.
Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

Correct Answer: Most common: Transfusion of the wrong blood
Causes immune system to attack newly transfused cells


Question 9.
WBC count normally vs. infection

Correct Answer: Normal:
4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection:
~15,000-20,000 cells/ml


Question 10.
Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs

Correct Answer: -leukopenia
-leukocytosis
??


Question 11.
Hypervolemia

Correct Answer: • Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (6)
what does it treat?
what are the nursing interventions? -✓✓Hypertonic= excessive fluid
extracellular space, causing cell to shrink
Fluid Types:
1.) 3% Saline
2.) 5% Saline
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
4.) 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline
5.) 5% Dextrose in LR
6.) 10% Dextrose in H2O
Treats:
- Hyponatremia (pulls Na+ back into intravascular system)
**remember water follows sodium**

,-cerebral edema
Interventions:
-Give cautiously in ICU via central line
-Rapid absorption so body can be affected quickly
-Monitor for fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, BP, HR
• Hypotonic IV Solution
what does hypotonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3)
Treats?
Contraindications? -✓✓Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular concentration,
Increase in intracellular concentration.
Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory system
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline)
2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline)
3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats:
- Hydrates cell
-Hyperglycemia
-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications:
-Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue
causing swelling)
-Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)
• Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean?
What are the fluid types? (4)
Purpose? -✓✓Isotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.9% Saline
2.) 5% Dextrose in H2O
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.225 Saline
4.) Lactated Ringers (LR)
Purpose:
To increase extracellular fluid
Loss through:
-Blood loss
-Dehydration (may be due to nausea & vomiting)
-Surgery


Question 12.
Normal Electrolyte Levels

Correct Answer: Sodium: 135-145
Potassium: 3.5-5

, Calcium- 9-11
Magnesium: 1.5-2.5
Phosphorous: 2.8-4.5
• RAAS Steps -✓✓1. Low BP is detected causing stimulation of RAAS
2. Renin released by juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys
3. Liver releases angiotensinogen
4. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
5. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin
2
6. Angiotensin 2 causes:
-vasoconstriction of blood vessels
-aldosterone release by adrenal glands (Na+ reabsorption & K+ excretion in
kidneys)
-ADH release by posterior pituitary (increase H20 absorption)


Question 13.
Role of ADH

Correct Answer:


Question 14.
Atrophy

Correct Answer: "Shrinking"
When cells cant meet metabolic requirements, they shrink to decrease the
demand and increase efficiency.


Question 15.
Metaplasia

Correct Answer: -Replacement of one cell by another cell type
-Generally occurs in response to chronic inflammation
to enable tissue survival


Question 16.
Apoptosis

Correct Answer: Genetically programmed death on cells that has no adverse
effects on body


Question 17.
Primary HTN

Correct Answer: -no identifiable cause
-90%-95% of HTN cases *hypersensitivity to angiotensin II (arterial