NUR 376 Pathophysiology 2027 Final Latest Questions and
Answers - Professional Prep with Verified Answers - A+ Verified
Question 1.
Immunodeficiency
Correct Answer: Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot destroy
foreign invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Question 2.
Immunocompetence
Correct Answer: refers to an individual's ability to protect oneself from
infectious agents due to a strong immune system.
Question 3.
Immunosuppression
Correct Answer: indicates that there is a defective immune system that is
putting the pt at risk for infection.
Question 4.
Opportunistic Infection
Correct Answer: an infection that was caused by a microorganism that
flourished because of its host's deficient immune system.
Question 5.
Hospital Acquired of Health-Care acquired infection
Correct Answer: when a pt's infection is caused by microorganisms that
originated within the clinical environment.
Difficult to tx due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Question 6.
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity
Correct Answer: allergic reaction
Question 7.
Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Correct Answer: mediated by Igs that target antigen on cells and cause cell
destruction.
Incomplete blood transfusion
,• Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity -✓✓antigen combines with Ig
within circulation and complexes are then deposited into tissues.
SLE, autoimmune disorders
Question 8.
Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity
Correct Answer: initiated by T-cells that have previous exposure to antigen
Dermatitis from exposure to poison ivy
Question 9.
Key lab values in Infections
Correct Answer: WBC 4,000-10,000 cells/mcL
Neutrophils: 40%-80% of WBCs / elevation = bacterial infection
Lymphocytes: 20%-40% of WBCs / elevation = viral infection
Eosinophils: 1%-7% of WBCs / elevation = allergic reaction
Basophils: 0%-2% of WBCs / elevation = Parasite or allergic reaction
Monocytes: 2% - 10% of WBCs / elevation = Inflammation, chronic infections,
autoimmune disease
Question 10.
How can you determine inflammation vs. infection from a CBC?
Correct Answer: You would look at the differences in the WBCs on the CBC,
which provides info about the % of different types of white blood cells.
An increase in neutrophils (makeup 40%-80% of WBCs) can be indicative of a
bacterial infection.
An increase in monocytes (macrophages) (2%-10% of WBCs) can be indicative
of inflammation / autoimmune disease.
Question 11.
Hypervolemia
Correct Answer: Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by increased hydrostatic
pressure causing edema
Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure.
• Hypernatremia -✓✓High sodium content of the blood. Raises solute content
(more salt), in turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
Question 12.
Osmotic pressure
Correct Answer: The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution, causes water
to shift from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
, ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Question 13.
Polyuria
Correct Answer: excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
(Part of hypernatremia)
Question 14.
Hypovolemia
Correct Answer: Is caused by dehydration; a diminished level of circulating
blood volume that increases the osmolarity of blood.
Question 15.
Hydrostatic pressure
Correct Answer: the force exerted by the blood confined within the blood
vessels or heart chamber.
Question 16.
Isotonic
Correct Answer: No fluid shifts- solutions on both sides are at equilibrium.
Equal osmotic pressure. No "tug of war".
Example- Human blood.
Caution: Too much isotonic fluids can cause fluid volume overload
Monitor: BP due to HTN crisis. Risk for CVA stroke.
Ex: 0.9 % sodium chloride (NS), lactated ringers (LR) Use: Rehydrate body,
increase low BP, blood transfusions, blood loss, DKA, HHNS(risk for type 2
diabetes patients)- when blood sugar high
Question 17.
Hypertonic
Correct Answer: HIGH & dry- Higher osmolarity than body fluids- very thick,
very salty, more solutes, less water. Fluid drawn out of the cell.
Monitor- BP, HTN crisis
Use for- hypovolemia, heat related, peritonitis, peritoneal dialysis*(draw fluid
out of the body)- Need to give slowly
Ex: 3% sodium chloride, 5% sodium chloride, 10% dextrose in water, 5%
dextrose in 0.9% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose in 0.45% sodium chloride, 5%
dextrose in lactated ringer's (Memory trick-very little fluid inside the cell=
very little numbers before the words)
Answers - Professional Prep with Verified Answers - A+ Verified
Question 1.
Immunodeficiency
Correct Answer: Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot destroy
foreign invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Question 2.
Immunocompetence
Correct Answer: refers to an individual's ability to protect oneself from
infectious agents due to a strong immune system.
Question 3.
Immunosuppression
Correct Answer: indicates that there is a defective immune system that is
putting the pt at risk for infection.
Question 4.
Opportunistic Infection
Correct Answer: an infection that was caused by a microorganism that
flourished because of its host's deficient immune system.
Question 5.
Hospital Acquired of Health-Care acquired infection
Correct Answer: when a pt's infection is caused by microorganisms that
originated within the clinical environment.
Difficult to tx due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Question 6.
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity
Correct Answer: allergic reaction
Question 7.
Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Correct Answer: mediated by Igs that target antigen on cells and cause cell
destruction.
Incomplete blood transfusion
,• Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity -✓✓antigen combines with Ig
within circulation and complexes are then deposited into tissues.
SLE, autoimmune disorders
Question 8.
Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity
Correct Answer: initiated by T-cells that have previous exposure to antigen
Dermatitis from exposure to poison ivy
Question 9.
Key lab values in Infections
Correct Answer: WBC 4,000-10,000 cells/mcL
Neutrophils: 40%-80% of WBCs / elevation = bacterial infection
Lymphocytes: 20%-40% of WBCs / elevation = viral infection
Eosinophils: 1%-7% of WBCs / elevation = allergic reaction
Basophils: 0%-2% of WBCs / elevation = Parasite or allergic reaction
Monocytes: 2% - 10% of WBCs / elevation = Inflammation, chronic infections,
autoimmune disease
Question 10.
How can you determine inflammation vs. infection from a CBC?
Correct Answer: You would look at the differences in the WBCs on the CBC,
which provides info about the % of different types of white blood cells.
An increase in neutrophils (makeup 40%-80% of WBCs) can be indicative of a
bacterial infection.
An increase in monocytes (macrophages) (2%-10% of WBCs) can be indicative
of inflammation / autoimmune disease.
Question 11.
Hypervolemia
Correct Answer: Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by increased hydrostatic
pressure causing edema
Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure.
• Hypernatremia -✓✓High sodium content of the blood. Raises solute content
(more salt), in turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
Question 12.
Osmotic pressure
Correct Answer: The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution, causes water
to shift from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
, ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Question 13.
Polyuria
Correct Answer: excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
(Part of hypernatremia)
Question 14.
Hypovolemia
Correct Answer: Is caused by dehydration; a diminished level of circulating
blood volume that increases the osmolarity of blood.
Question 15.
Hydrostatic pressure
Correct Answer: the force exerted by the blood confined within the blood
vessels or heart chamber.
Question 16.
Isotonic
Correct Answer: No fluid shifts- solutions on both sides are at equilibrium.
Equal osmotic pressure. No "tug of war".
Example- Human blood.
Caution: Too much isotonic fluids can cause fluid volume overload
Monitor: BP due to HTN crisis. Risk for CVA stroke.
Ex: 0.9 % sodium chloride (NS), lactated ringers (LR) Use: Rehydrate body,
increase low BP, blood transfusions, blood loss, DKA, HHNS(risk for type 2
diabetes patients)- when blood sugar high
Question 17.
Hypertonic
Correct Answer: HIGH & dry- Higher osmolarity than body fluids- very thick,
very salty, more solutes, less water. Fluid drawn out of the cell.
Monitor- BP, HTN crisis
Use for- hypovolemia, heat related, peritonitis, peritoneal dialysis*(draw fluid
out of the body)- Need to give slowly
Ex: 3% sodium chloride, 5% sodium chloride, 10% dextrose in water, 5%
dextrose in 0.9% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose in 0.45% sodium chloride, 5%
dextrose in lactated ringer's (Memory trick-very little fluid inside the cell=
very little numbers before the words)
