NSG 530 EXAM 1 EXAMPREP MASTER STUDY PAPER
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Question 1.
Risk .
Answer: Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of
encountering a stressor
Question 2.
Prevalence .
Answer: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's
likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the
total number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is
the total number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by the
total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Question 3.
Incidence .
Answer: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's
probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time.
Therefore, incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An
incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the number
of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Question 4.
Ratio .
Answer: The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number
of times one value contains or is contained within the other.
• Primary Prevention . Answer: Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure
for susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Question 5.
Secondary Prevention .
Answer: Early detection, screening, and management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
,Question 6.
Tertiary Prevention .
Answer: Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring
effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Question 7.
Epidemiology .
Answer: study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the
occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases
in large groups of populations/people
Question 8.
Endemic .
Answer: A disease theat is native to a local region
• Epidemic . Answer: When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the
same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Question 9.
Pandemic .
Answer: Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading
worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
Question 10.
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors* .
Answer:
Question 11.
Homeostasis .
Answer: A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular
ideal "set-point"
Question 12.
Exhausation .
,Answer: Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a
prolonged exposure to noxious agents
Question 13.
Allostatic Overload .
Answer: "Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively
regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Question 14.
Adaptation .
Answer: Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or
altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based
coping mechanisms Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Question 15.
Arousal .
Answer: Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures,
sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Question 16.
Function of Cortisol .
Answer: Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
Question 17.
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function* .
Answer:
Question 18.
Endocrine Communication .
Answer: Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
, Question 19.
Neurocrine Communication .
Answer: Neurons firing information through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
• Paracrine Communcation . Answer: Signaling through the extraceullar fluid
between cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
Question 20.
Autocrine Communcation .
Answer: Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
Question 21.
Describe an Action Potential .
Answer: Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell)
and close in response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in
adjacent sections of membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more
sodium channels open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels
close and potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential *Only cells with voltage-gated channels
have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
Question 22.
Describe a Resting Action Potential .
Answer: Electrical charge when there is no net ion movement across plasma
membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
Question 23.
Take Home Message About Action Potentials .
Answer: Resting Membrane Potential Dominated by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Question 1.
Risk .
Answer: Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of
encountering a stressor
Question 2.
Prevalence .
Answer: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's
likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the
total number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is
the total number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by the
total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Question 3.
Incidence .
Answer: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's
probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time.
Therefore, incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An
incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the number
of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Question 4.
Ratio .
Answer: The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number
of times one value contains or is contained within the other.
• Primary Prevention . Answer: Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure
for susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Question 5.
Secondary Prevention .
Answer: Early detection, screening, and management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
,Question 6.
Tertiary Prevention .
Answer: Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring
effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
Question 7.
Epidemiology .
Answer: study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the
occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases
in large groups of populations/people
Question 8.
Endemic .
Answer: A disease theat is native to a local region
• Epidemic . Answer: When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the
same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Question 9.
Pandemic .
Answer: Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading
worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
Question 10.
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors* .
Answer:
Question 11.
Homeostasis .
Answer: A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular
ideal "set-point"
Question 12.
Exhausation .
,Answer: Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a
prolonged exposure to noxious agents
Question 13.
Allostatic Overload .
Answer: "Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively
regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Question 14.
Adaptation .
Answer: Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or
altered circumstances, internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based
coping mechanisms Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Question 15.
Arousal .
Answer: Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures,
sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Question 16.
Function of Cortisol .
Answer: Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
Question 17.
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function* .
Answer:
Question 18.
Endocrine Communication .
Answer: Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
, Question 19.
Neurocrine Communication .
Answer: Neurons firing information through synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
• Paracrine Communcation . Answer: Signaling through the extraceullar fluid
between cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
Question 20.
Autocrine Communcation .
Answer: Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
Question 21.
Describe an Action Potential .
Answer: Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell)
and close in response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in
adjacent sections of membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more
sodium channels open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels
close and potassium ions move out.
Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential *Only cells with voltage-gated channels
have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
Question 22.
Describe a Resting Action Potential .
Answer: Electrical charge when there is no net ion movement across plasma
membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
Question 23.
Take Home Message About Action Potentials .
Answer: Resting Membrane Potential Dominated by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
