WASTEWATER TREATMENT OPERATOR
EXAMINATION UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Name the bond: Carbohydrate + Proteins. Answer: Glycoproteins
◉ Name the bond: Carbohydrate + Lipids. Answer: Glycolipids
◉ Name the bond: Carbohydrate + Nitrogenous Bases. Answer:
Nucleotides
◉ What is involved in an O-glycosidic linkage versus an N-glycosidic
linkage. Answer: O-linkage: sugar attached to -OH group
N-linkage: sugar attached to -NH2 group
◉ All sugar to sugar glycosidic bonds are. Answer: O-type linkages
◉ Glycogen. Answer: Multi-branched POLYSACCHARIDE of glucose
(homopolysaccharide)
- Mainly found in skeletal muscle and liver
,◉ How would you describe the structure of glycogen?. Answer:
Extensively branched and leads to compact molecules
◉ What is the fate of glycogen in the LIVER. Answer: Glycogen
regulates blood glucose levels
Example: if we go too long without eating, the liver will allow
transfer of glucose into blood
◉ What is the fate of glycogen in the MUSCLE. Answer: Muscles are
selfish! They use glycogen as energy reserves for themselves
◉ How you describe Oligosaccharides in terms of length. Answer:
Short
◉ Oligosaccharides Structural Function. Answer: - target: proteins
- mission: to protect proteins form proteolysis, limit protein
freedom, stabilize conformation and glycosylation
◉ Glycosylation. Answer: Adding of sugar chains to other molecules;
prevents proteins from breaking down
IS INTENTIONAL
, ◉ Where are carbohydrate residues?. Answer: The external side of
lipid bilayer
◉ Nonenzymatic glycation. Answer: Condensation of a
monosaccharide (glucose) with certain reactive amino groups on a
protein
NOT INTENTIONAL
◉ What is an example of nonenzymatic glycation?. Answer: HbA1c
- Glycated hemoglobin A (major Hg of adults)
◉ T or F: glycation can occur in one or both of the Beta chains?.
Answer: True
◉ How is a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) formed?. Answer: Glucose
irreversibly attaches to hemoglobin
◉ In what patients is the HbA1c fraction abnormally elevated?.
Answer: Chronic hyperglycemic patients
◉ What is hemoglobin A1c actually measuring?. Answer: Glucose
levels over the preceding 2-3 months
EXAMINATION UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Name the bond: Carbohydrate + Proteins. Answer: Glycoproteins
◉ Name the bond: Carbohydrate + Lipids. Answer: Glycolipids
◉ Name the bond: Carbohydrate + Nitrogenous Bases. Answer:
Nucleotides
◉ What is involved in an O-glycosidic linkage versus an N-glycosidic
linkage. Answer: O-linkage: sugar attached to -OH group
N-linkage: sugar attached to -NH2 group
◉ All sugar to sugar glycosidic bonds are. Answer: O-type linkages
◉ Glycogen. Answer: Multi-branched POLYSACCHARIDE of glucose
(homopolysaccharide)
- Mainly found in skeletal muscle and liver
,◉ How would you describe the structure of glycogen?. Answer:
Extensively branched and leads to compact molecules
◉ What is the fate of glycogen in the LIVER. Answer: Glycogen
regulates blood glucose levels
Example: if we go too long without eating, the liver will allow
transfer of glucose into blood
◉ What is the fate of glycogen in the MUSCLE. Answer: Muscles are
selfish! They use glycogen as energy reserves for themselves
◉ How you describe Oligosaccharides in terms of length. Answer:
Short
◉ Oligosaccharides Structural Function. Answer: - target: proteins
- mission: to protect proteins form proteolysis, limit protein
freedom, stabilize conformation and glycosylation
◉ Glycosylation. Answer: Adding of sugar chains to other molecules;
prevents proteins from breaking down
IS INTENTIONAL
, ◉ Where are carbohydrate residues?. Answer: The external side of
lipid bilayer
◉ Nonenzymatic glycation. Answer: Condensation of a
monosaccharide (glucose) with certain reactive amino groups on a
protein
NOT INTENTIONAL
◉ What is an example of nonenzymatic glycation?. Answer: HbA1c
- Glycated hemoglobin A (major Hg of adults)
◉ T or F: glycation can occur in one or both of the Beta chains?.
Answer: True
◉ How is a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) formed?. Answer: Glucose
irreversibly attaches to hemoglobin
◉ In what patients is the HbA1c fraction abnormally elevated?.
Answer: Chronic hyperglycemic patients
◉ What is hemoglobin A1c actually measuring?. Answer: Glucose
levels over the preceding 2-3 months
