NREMT Paramedic Prep EXAM [2026/2027] | UPDATED
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS | FINAL EXAM REVIEW
• cardiogenic shock -✓✓ANSWER: -the type of shock caused by inadequate
function of the heart. This develops when the heart cannot maintain sufficient
output to meet the demands of the body
-caused by any disease or event which prevents heart pumping
-can occur directly after AMI up to 24 hours
• Obstructive shock -✓✓ANSWER: The type of shock that results when conditions
that cause mechanical obstruction of the cardiac muscle also impact pump
function
ex. cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax
• Beck's triad -✓✓ANSWER: Signs of a cardiac tamponade. JVD, narrowing BP
pressures, muffled heart sounds
• Distributive shock -✓✓ANSWER: The type of shock when there is widespread
dilation of the small arterioles, venules, or both. Blood pools in the expanded
vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases
• Types of distributive shock -✓✓ANSWER: Septic shock caused by severe
infections; neurogenic shock caused by damage to the spinal cord (bradycardia,
low BP, warm skin); anaphylactic shock caused by allergic reaction; psychogenic
shock
,• Hypovolemic shock -✓✓ANSWER: The type of shock that results from an
inadequate amount of fluid or volume in the system
-15% of blood volume
• How do you treat for shock? -✓✓ANSWER: Keep the patient warm, control
bleeding, put the patient in a position of comfort, and administer high-flow
oxygen
• brain damage without oxygen -✓✓ANSWER: -without enough oxygen, cardiac
arrest or brain damage occurs within about 4 minutes
-permanent brain damage within 6 minutes
-death likely within 10 minutes
• FBAO -✓✓ANSWER: -signs of blockage include inability to cough or speak or
inability to ventilate patient
-bending patient forward at the waist, support chest with one hand, use heel of
hand to give 5 back blows between shoulder blades
-then 5 abdominal thrusts
-alternate between the two until object is dislodged
-if patient loses consciousness, give CPR starting with chest compressions
-given even if patient has a pulse, so don't check
-before giving breaths, look inside mouth for any visible objects
• FBAO in children -✓✓ANSWER: -using thigh for support, lay facing down along
forearm; ensure head is lower than the body
-give 5 firm back blows between blades
,-5 chest thrusts; place 2 to 3 fingers in the middle of the chest just below the
nipples. push down 1.5 inches.
-alternate, unless lose consciousness, then CPR
• mouse to mouth/mouth to nose -✓✓ANSWER: -mouth to mouth performed
when patient does not have adequate breathing and artificial ventilation not
available
-open airway
-place barrier device
-pinch nose and form seal around patient's mouth
-check for FBAO if you do not see chest rise and fall
-give 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds for adults and 1 every 3 for peds
• Steps of CPR -✓✓ANSWER: Determine unresponsiveness. Check for breathing
for up to 10 seconds. Check carotid pulse for up to 10 seconds. Begin CPR until
AED is available. Give 30 compressions at 100 beats/min and then 2 breaths over
the course of 1 second. Once an advanced airway is inserted, ventilate at a rate of
8-10 breaths/min and do not stop compressions.
This is exactly the same for children, except two-rescuer CPR is 15:2. If patient
experiences a return of spontaneous circulation, ventilate at a rate of 10-12
breaths/min.
• compression to breath ratios -✓✓ANSWER: under 8 years old:
-2 provider: 15:2
-1 provider: 30:2
-one third of chest diameter
, older:
-30:2 always
-2 inches
• AED procedure -✓✓ANSWER: -if cardiac arrest was not seen by EMS, give 5
cycles of 30:2 before defibrillating
-if cardiac arrest was seen, one EMT begins compressions and the other applies
AED
-if only one EMT available, apply AED immediately
-check for pulse 2 minutes after defib
-if no shockable rhythm, wait 2 minutes and re-analyze
• When to place left lateral -✓✓ANSWER: If patient has adequate breathing and is
uninjured. To maintain a patent airway in an unresponsive patient.
• What to do if you fail to ventilate -✓✓ANSWER: If the breath doesn't go in
successfully, reposition the patient and try again. If there is still nothing, assume
there is a foreign body obstruction and begin CPR on an unresponsive apneic
patient. Continue to attempt ventilations and open the mouth and look in every
time.
• Pneumothorax signs -✓✓ANSWER: -dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain that worsens
during inspiration and expiration, absent or decreased breath sounds
-rupture of visceral lining
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS | FINAL EXAM REVIEW
• cardiogenic shock -✓✓ANSWER: -the type of shock caused by inadequate
function of the heart. This develops when the heart cannot maintain sufficient
output to meet the demands of the body
-caused by any disease or event which prevents heart pumping
-can occur directly after AMI up to 24 hours
• Obstructive shock -✓✓ANSWER: The type of shock that results when conditions
that cause mechanical obstruction of the cardiac muscle also impact pump
function
ex. cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax
• Beck's triad -✓✓ANSWER: Signs of a cardiac tamponade. JVD, narrowing BP
pressures, muffled heart sounds
• Distributive shock -✓✓ANSWER: The type of shock when there is widespread
dilation of the small arterioles, venules, or both. Blood pools in the expanded
vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases
• Types of distributive shock -✓✓ANSWER: Septic shock caused by severe
infections; neurogenic shock caused by damage to the spinal cord (bradycardia,
low BP, warm skin); anaphylactic shock caused by allergic reaction; psychogenic
shock
,• Hypovolemic shock -✓✓ANSWER: The type of shock that results from an
inadequate amount of fluid or volume in the system
-15% of blood volume
• How do you treat for shock? -✓✓ANSWER: Keep the patient warm, control
bleeding, put the patient in a position of comfort, and administer high-flow
oxygen
• brain damage without oxygen -✓✓ANSWER: -without enough oxygen, cardiac
arrest or brain damage occurs within about 4 minutes
-permanent brain damage within 6 minutes
-death likely within 10 minutes
• FBAO -✓✓ANSWER: -signs of blockage include inability to cough or speak or
inability to ventilate patient
-bending patient forward at the waist, support chest with one hand, use heel of
hand to give 5 back blows between shoulder blades
-then 5 abdominal thrusts
-alternate between the two until object is dislodged
-if patient loses consciousness, give CPR starting with chest compressions
-given even if patient has a pulse, so don't check
-before giving breaths, look inside mouth for any visible objects
• FBAO in children -✓✓ANSWER: -using thigh for support, lay facing down along
forearm; ensure head is lower than the body
-give 5 firm back blows between blades
,-5 chest thrusts; place 2 to 3 fingers in the middle of the chest just below the
nipples. push down 1.5 inches.
-alternate, unless lose consciousness, then CPR
• mouse to mouth/mouth to nose -✓✓ANSWER: -mouth to mouth performed
when patient does not have adequate breathing and artificial ventilation not
available
-open airway
-place barrier device
-pinch nose and form seal around patient's mouth
-check for FBAO if you do not see chest rise and fall
-give 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds for adults and 1 every 3 for peds
• Steps of CPR -✓✓ANSWER: Determine unresponsiveness. Check for breathing
for up to 10 seconds. Check carotid pulse for up to 10 seconds. Begin CPR until
AED is available. Give 30 compressions at 100 beats/min and then 2 breaths over
the course of 1 second. Once an advanced airway is inserted, ventilate at a rate of
8-10 breaths/min and do not stop compressions.
This is exactly the same for children, except two-rescuer CPR is 15:2. If patient
experiences a return of spontaneous circulation, ventilate at a rate of 10-12
breaths/min.
• compression to breath ratios -✓✓ANSWER: under 8 years old:
-2 provider: 15:2
-1 provider: 30:2
-one third of chest diameter
, older:
-30:2 always
-2 inches
• AED procedure -✓✓ANSWER: -if cardiac arrest was not seen by EMS, give 5
cycles of 30:2 before defibrillating
-if cardiac arrest was seen, one EMT begins compressions and the other applies
AED
-if only one EMT available, apply AED immediately
-check for pulse 2 minutes after defib
-if no shockable rhythm, wait 2 minutes and re-analyze
• When to place left lateral -✓✓ANSWER: If patient has adequate breathing and is
uninjured. To maintain a patent airway in an unresponsive patient.
• What to do if you fail to ventilate -✓✓ANSWER: If the breath doesn't go in
successfully, reposition the patient and try again. If there is still nothing, assume
there is a foreign body obstruction and begin CPR on an unresponsive apneic
patient. Continue to attempt ventilations and open the mouth and look in every
time.
• Pneumothorax signs -✓✓ANSWER: -dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain that worsens
during inspiration and expiration, absent or decreased breath sounds
-rupture of visceral lining
