NURS 2873 Exam 2 | Columbus State Community College
| UPDATED Questions with 100% Verified Answers
Q1: In a type I hypersensitivity reaction the primary immunologic
disorder appears to be
A: a. binding of IgG to an antigen on a cell surface.
b. deposit of antigen-antibody complexes in small vessels.
c. release of cytokines used to interact with specific antigns.
d. release of chemical mediators from IgE-bound mast cells and basophils.
Q2: Shock
A: Decreased tissue perfusion and impaired cellular metabolism. This results in an imbalance
between the supply of and demand for O2 and nutrients. The exchange of O2 and
nutrients at the cellular level is essential to life. When cells are hypoperfused, the
demand for O2 and nutrients exceeds the supply at the microcirculatory level. Ischemia
can occur, leading to cell injury and death.
Q3: Cardiogenic shock
A: Ooccurs when either systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the heart's pumping action
results in reduced cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and BP. These changes
compromise myocardial perfusion, further depress myocardial function, and decrease
CO and perfusion.
Q4: What is the most common cause of systolic dysfunction?
A: Acute MI
Q5: Systolic dysfunction
A: The heart's inability to pump the blood forward.
Q6: Causes of cardiogenic shock
A: Cardiac tamponade, cardiomyopathy, MI, dysrhythmias, valvular stenosis, blunt cardiac
injury, severe systemic or pulmonary hypertension, tension pneumothorax
Q7: Causes of hypovolemic shock
A: Hemorrhage from surgery, trauma or GI bleed, vomiting, diarrhea, DI, DM, burns, ascites,
fracture of long bones, ruptured spleen, hemothorax, severe pancreatitis, sepsis, bowel
obstruction
Q8: Causes of anaphylactic shock
A: Hypersensitivity (allergic reaction) to a substance. Contrast media, blood or blood
products, drugs, insect bites, anesthetic agents, food or food additives, vaccines,
environmental agents, latex
,Q9: Causes of neurogenic shock
A: Hemodynamic consequence of spinal cord injury and/or disease at or above T5, Spinal
anesthesia, vasomotor center depression, severe pain, hypoglycemia, injury
Q10: Causes of septic shock
A: Pneumonia, peritonitis, urinary tract, invasive procedures, indwelling lines and catheters
(infection), older adults, patients with chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, chronic kidney
disease, HF), patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy or who are malnourished or
debilitated
Q11: Causes of obstructive shock
A: Cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, superior vena cava syndrome, abdominal
compartment syndrome, pulmonary embolism
Q12: cardiac tamponade
A: acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
Q13: Early presentation of cardiogenic shock
A: Similar to acute decompensated heart failure. May be hypotension and tachycardia.
Narrowed pulse pressure, increased vascular resistance (increases myocardial O2
consumption). Tachypnea and crackles because of pulmonary congestion. Increase in the
pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), stroke volume variation (SVV), and pulmonary
vascular resistance. Cyanosis, pallor, diaphoresis, weak pulses, cool and clammy skin,
decreased urinary output, anxiety and confusion are other symptoms.
Q14: Hypovolemic shock
A: Occurs from inadequate fluid volume in the intravascular space to support adequate
perfusion
Q15: Absolute hypovolemia
A: When fluid is lost through hemorrhage, gastrointestinal (GI) loss (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea),
fistula drainage, diabetes insipidus, or diuresis
Q16: Relative hypovolemia
A: Fluid volume moves out of the vascular space into the extravascular space (e.g.,
intracavitary space). We call this type of fluid shift third spacing.
Q17: What amount of blood loss results in the SNS mediated
response?
A: 15-30% or more. Patient can compensate up to 15% blood loss (750mL).
, Q18: Hypovolemic SNS response
A: Increase in heart rate, CO, and respiratory rate and depth. The decreased circulating
blood volume causes decreases in SV, central venous pressure (CVP), and PAWP.
Q19: What fluid do you use when blood loss is greater than 30%?
A: Blood or blood products
Q20: Labs for hypovolemic shock
A: Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, electrolytes, lactate, blood gases, mixed central
venous O2 saturation (SvO2), and hourly urine outputs
Q21: Neurogenic shock
A: Hemodynamic phenomenon that can occur within 30 minutes of a spinal cord injury and
last up to 6 weeks. Neurogenic shock related to spinal cord injuries is generally
associated with a cervical or high thoracic injury. The injury results in a massive
vasodilation without compensation because of the loss of SNS vasoconstrictor tone. This
massive vasodilation leads to a pooling of blood in the blood vessels, tissue
hypoperfusion, and impaired cellular metabolism.
Q22: Clinical manifestations of neurogenic shock
A: Hypotension, bradycardia inability to regulate body temperature. At first, the patient's skin
is warm due to the massive vasodilation. As the heat disperses, the patient is at risk for
hypothermia. Later, the patient's skin may be cool or warm (poikilothermia). Dry skin.
Q23: Anaphylactic shock
A: Acute, life-threatening hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction to a sensitizing substance (e.g.,
drug, chemical, vaccine, food, insect venom). Causes massive vasodilation, release of
vasoactive mediators, and an increase in capillary permeability. As capillary permeability
increases, fluid leaks from the vascular space into the interstitial space.
Q24: Symptoms of anaphylactic shock
A: Rapid symptom onset. Dizziness, chest pain, incontinence, wheezing, stridor, flushing,
pruritus, urticaria, and angioedema. The patient may be anxious and confused and have a
sense of impending doom.
Q25: Sepsis
A: Life-threatening syndrome in response to an infection. It is characterized by a
dysregulated patient response along with new organ dysfunction related to the infection
Q26: Septic shock
A: Subset of sepsis. Increased mortality risk due to profound circulatory, cellular, and
metabolic abnormalities. Characterized by persistent hypotension, despite adequate
| UPDATED Questions with 100% Verified Answers
Q1: In a type I hypersensitivity reaction the primary immunologic
disorder appears to be
A: a. binding of IgG to an antigen on a cell surface.
b. deposit of antigen-antibody complexes in small vessels.
c. release of cytokines used to interact with specific antigns.
d. release of chemical mediators from IgE-bound mast cells and basophils.
Q2: Shock
A: Decreased tissue perfusion and impaired cellular metabolism. This results in an imbalance
between the supply of and demand for O2 and nutrients. The exchange of O2 and
nutrients at the cellular level is essential to life. When cells are hypoperfused, the
demand for O2 and nutrients exceeds the supply at the microcirculatory level. Ischemia
can occur, leading to cell injury and death.
Q3: Cardiogenic shock
A: Ooccurs when either systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the heart's pumping action
results in reduced cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and BP. These changes
compromise myocardial perfusion, further depress myocardial function, and decrease
CO and perfusion.
Q4: What is the most common cause of systolic dysfunction?
A: Acute MI
Q5: Systolic dysfunction
A: The heart's inability to pump the blood forward.
Q6: Causes of cardiogenic shock
A: Cardiac tamponade, cardiomyopathy, MI, dysrhythmias, valvular stenosis, blunt cardiac
injury, severe systemic or pulmonary hypertension, tension pneumothorax
Q7: Causes of hypovolemic shock
A: Hemorrhage from surgery, trauma or GI bleed, vomiting, diarrhea, DI, DM, burns, ascites,
fracture of long bones, ruptured spleen, hemothorax, severe pancreatitis, sepsis, bowel
obstruction
Q8: Causes of anaphylactic shock
A: Hypersensitivity (allergic reaction) to a substance. Contrast media, blood or blood
products, drugs, insect bites, anesthetic agents, food or food additives, vaccines,
environmental agents, latex
,Q9: Causes of neurogenic shock
A: Hemodynamic consequence of spinal cord injury and/or disease at or above T5, Spinal
anesthesia, vasomotor center depression, severe pain, hypoglycemia, injury
Q10: Causes of septic shock
A: Pneumonia, peritonitis, urinary tract, invasive procedures, indwelling lines and catheters
(infection), older adults, patients with chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, chronic kidney
disease, HF), patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy or who are malnourished or
debilitated
Q11: Causes of obstructive shock
A: Cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, superior vena cava syndrome, abdominal
compartment syndrome, pulmonary embolism
Q12: cardiac tamponade
A: acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
Q13: Early presentation of cardiogenic shock
A: Similar to acute decompensated heart failure. May be hypotension and tachycardia.
Narrowed pulse pressure, increased vascular resistance (increases myocardial O2
consumption). Tachypnea and crackles because of pulmonary congestion. Increase in the
pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), stroke volume variation (SVV), and pulmonary
vascular resistance. Cyanosis, pallor, diaphoresis, weak pulses, cool and clammy skin,
decreased urinary output, anxiety and confusion are other symptoms.
Q14: Hypovolemic shock
A: Occurs from inadequate fluid volume in the intravascular space to support adequate
perfusion
Q15: Absolute hypovolemia
A: When fluid is lost through hemorrhage, gastrointestinal (GI) loss (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea),
fistula drainage, diabetes insipidus, or diuresis
Q16: Relative hypovolemia
A: Fluid volume moves out of the vascular space into the extravascular space (e.g.,
intracavitary space). We call this type of fluid shift third spacing.
Q17: What amount of blood loss results in the SNS mediated
response?
A: 15-30% or more. Patient can compensate up to 15% blood loss (750mL).
, Q18: Hypovolemic SNS response
A: Increase in heart rate, CO, and respiratory rate and depth. The decreased circulating
blood volume causes decreases in SV, central venous pressure (CVP), and PAWP.
Q19: What fluid do you use when blood loss is greater than 30%?
A: Blood or blood products
Q20: Labs for hypovolemic shock
A: Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, electrolytes, lactate, blood gases, mixed central
venous O2 saturation (SvO2), and hourly urine outputs
Q21: Neurogenic shock
A: Hemodynamic phenomenon that can occur within 30 minutes of a spinal cord injury and
last up to 6 weeks. Neurogenic shock related to spinal cord injuries is generally
associated with a cervical or high thoracic injury. The injury results in a massive
vasodilation without compensation because of the loss of SNS vasoconstrictor tone. This
massive vasodilation leads to a pooling of blood in the blood vessels, tissue
hypoperfusion, and impaired cellular metabolism.
Q22: Clinical manifestations of neurogenic shock
A: Hypotension, bradycardia inability to regulate body temperature. At first, the patient's skin
is warm due to the massive vasodilation. As the heat disperses, the patient is at risk for
hypothermia. Later, the patient's skin may be cool or warm (poikilothermia). Dry skin.
Q23: Anaphylactic shock
A: Acute, life-threatening hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction to a sensitizing substance (e.g.,
drug, chemical, vaccine, food, insect venom). Causes massive vasodilation, release of
vasoactive mediators, and an increase in capillary permeability. As capillary permeability
increases, fluid leaks from the vascular space into the interstitial space.
Q24: Symptoms of anaphylactic shock
A: Rapid symptom onset. Dizziness, chest pain, incontinence, wheezing, stridor, flushing,
pruritus, urticaria, and angioedema. The patient may be anxious and confused and have a
sense of impending doom.
Q25: Sepsis
A: Life-threatening syndrome in response to an infection. It is characterized by a
dysregulated patient response along with new organ dysfunction related to the infection
Q26: Septic shock
A: Subset of sepsis. Increased mortality risk due to profound circulatory, cellular, and
metabolic abnormalities. Characterized by persistent hypotension, despite adequate
