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Samenvatting Media, publieken en identiteit | KU Leuven | 16/20

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Samenvatting lessen Media Publieken en Identiteit. Gegeven in het Engels, vertaald naar grotendeels Nederlands

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INHOUD

LES 1: INTRODUCTIE EN PERSOONLIJKE IDENTITEIT.................................................................................................................... 4

SELF IDENTITY AND DIGITAL MEDIA ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Cultuursociologie ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Politieke economie ............................................................................................................................................................. 6
3. Actor network theorie ........................................................................................................................................................ 6

LES 2 : CENTRALE CONCEPTEN................................................................................................................................................... 7

TRENDS IN MEDIAGEBRUIK .................................................................................................................................................................... 7
INLEIDING TOT CONCEPT IDENTITEIT........................................................................................................................................................ 8
Identity formation: the psychology of adolescence .................................................................................................................. 8
Youth culture & the sociology of youth ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Social identity: the individual and the group ............................................................................................................................. 9
Reclaiming identities: identity politics ....................................................................................................................................... 9
The ‘late modern’ subject: identity in social theory .................................................................................................................. 9
ROLE OF MEDIA IN IDENTITY FORMATION............................................................................................................................................... 10
Identity as being & becoming .................................................................................................................................................. 10
Identity formation through meaningful acts of media consumption ...................................................................................... 10
Media consumption in connection with identity projects........................................................................................................ 10
Uses & Gratifications Theory ................................................................................................................................................... 11
Being a student with the help of media: functions of media ................................................................................................... 11
Being young with the help of media: functions of media ........................................................................................................ 11
Being a devotee with the help of media: functions of media .................................................................................................. 11
Being healthy with the help of media: functions of media ...................................................................................................... 11
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................... 12
IDENTITEIT IN BELEID ......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Models of dealing with cultural identity at the societal level .................................................................................................. 12
MEDIASELECTIVITEIT EN IMPACT OP IDENTITEIT ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Reinforcing spirals (Slater, 2007) ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Reinforcing spirals & maintenance of social identity .............................................................................................................. 13
Implications for some theories of media influence & media use ............................................................................................. 14
CASE-STUDIES .................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
The internet and sexual identity formation: comparing Internet use before and after coming out ....................................... 15
How social media shape identity Ulrike Schultze .................................................................................................................... 15
Religion and its impact on news media consumption ............................................................................................................. 16
a matter of skin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17

GASTCOLLEGE LORNA ROTH ....................................................................................................................................................17

SKINVISIBLE: FROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL-A GLOBAL VOYAGE - TOWARD THE POSSIBILITY OF LIBERATORY DESIGN?............................................ 17
De Norm van Witheid in Beeldtechnologie .............................................................................................................................. 17
Digitale Tijdperk en Nieuwe Biases.......................................................................................................................................... 17
Psychologische en Sociale Impact .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Theorie & Nieuwe Concepten .................................................................................................................................................. 17
Belangrijkste Begrippen........................................................................................................................................................... 17

LES 3: SOCIALE EN POLITIEKE IDENTITEIT .................................................................................................................................18

SOCIAAL KAPITAAL IN RELATIE TOT INTEGRATIE EN POLITIEKE BEWEGINGEN .................................................................................................... 18
THEORIE SOCIAAL KAPITAAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 18
Soorten kapitaal ...................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Sociaal kapitaal en maatschappelijke betrokkenheid ............................................................................................................. 18

, types sociaal kapitaal .............................................................................................................................................................. 19
ENKELE ONDERZOEKEN UIT METINGEN .................................................................................................................................................. 21
Artikel "Digitaal Burgerschap" van d'Haenens, Koeman & Saeys (2007) ................................................................................ 21
Do Turkish women in the diaspora build social capital? Evidence from the Low countries .................................................... 21
The Ties that Bind the Diaspora to Turkey and Europe during the Gezi Protests .................................................................... 24
Fluctuating Identifications Among Second-Generation Moroccans in the NL & BE ................................................................ 27

LES 4: RELIGIEUZE IDENTITEIT: DE ROL VAN MEDIAPRAKTIJKEN IN RADICALISERINGSPROCESSEN ............................................31

CONSTRUCTIE VAN ISLAM EN MOSLIMS IN HET POLITIEKE, INTELLECTUELE EN MEDIATIEKE VELD IN VLAANDEREN ................................................... 31
Ans de wolf: Experience and responding to Islamophobia ...................................................................................................... 31
1. problematische integratie op de arbeidsmarkt en economische ongelijkheid ............................................................ 31
2. de vraag over totalitaire islam .................................................................................................................................... 32
3. othering and strategic exaggeration ........................................................................................................................... 33
4. debat over het hoofddoek ........................................................................................................................................... 34
5. De Verlichting als kompas ........................................................................................................................................... 34
conclusies: dominante perspectieven en themas in publiek discours ...................................................................................... 35
PERSPECTIEVEN VANUIT EUROPA ......................................................................................................................................................... 35
1. RADICALISERING (EN MEDIARITUELEN): INLEIDING ....................................................................................................................... 35
2. COMMON WISDOM ............................................................................................................................................................... 35
3. COMMON WISDOM: VISUALIZATION (CYCLE) + COUNTER RADICALIZATION ........................................................................................ 38
4. CASE STUDIES....................................................................................................................................................................... 38
case study 1: dabiq, het propaganda tijdschrift van islamic state .......................................................................................... 38
casestudy 2: mediarepresentaties van islam in west-europese kranten ................................................................................. 39

LES 5 : IDENTITEIT EN MIGRATIE , MEDIANARRATIEVEN EN OPINIEVORMING .........................................................................44

CASE: DE MIGRATIE – EN ASIELCRISIS IN EUROPA. BERICHTGEVING EN PUBLIEKE OPINIE ................................................................................... 44
Juridisch onderscheid............................................................................................................................................................... 44
taal en framing rond migratie ................................................................................................................................................. 44
migratie: een complex en continu proces ................................................................................................................................ 44
de haas ontkracht hardnekkige migratiemythes ..................................................................................................................... 45
Nepnieuws/desinformatie ....................................................................................................................................................... 45
Van redactionele tot algoritmische logica................................................................................................................................ 46
CONTEXT VOOR ONDERZOEK ............................................................................................................................................................... 46
Beeldvorming over vluchtelingen en immigranten................................................................................................................... 47
OPINIEONDERZOEK- SURVEYS EN FOCUSGROEPEN .................................................................................................................................... 49
FILTERBUBBLE?................................................................................................................................................................................. 52
Twee zijden van het debat........................................................................................................................................................ 52
JOURNALISTEN ................................................................................................................................................................................. 53
“Worlds of journalism” (WoJ)-vragen ...................................................................................................................................... 53
België vs. Zweden: culturele indicatoren & waarden .............................................................................................................. 53
Tolerantie promoten in journalistiek ........................................................................................................................................ 54
Vier persclusters op basis van MIPEX & Tolerantie .................................................................................................................. 54
België vs. Zweden: Twee landen in verschillende clusters ........................................................................................................ 54
Verschillen binnen België ......................................................................................................................................................... 54
Aanbevelingen voor beeldvorming........................................................................................................................................... 54
Aanbevelingen voor opinievorming.......................................................................................................................................... 55

,LES 6: IDENTITEIT EN BELEID .....................................................................................................................................................56

1. MEDIA- EN CULTUREEL DIVERSITEITSBELEID IN EUROPA ...............................................................................................56

CULTURAL DIVERSITY POLICIES ............................................................................................................................................................. 56
Van het recht tot het ontvangen van informatie naar het recht tot communiceren: .............................................................. 56
Promoten van interetnisch begrijpen: ..................................................................................................................................... 56
Media als instrument voor integratie: ..................................................................................................................................... 56
Business case voor diversiteit: ................................................................................................................................................. 57

2. MEDIA & DIVERSITEIT ...................................................................................................................................................57

De internet tree: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 58
hypotheses............................................................................................................................................................................... 58
implicaties ............................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Normatief model (obv de normen en waarden) ...................................................................................................................... 59
framing .................................................................................................................................................................................... 59

LES 7: SHAPING A FAIR NARRATIVE ON MIGRATION THROUG MEDIA AND POLICY – WORKSHOP ...........................................61

LEVEL TELLING FIELDS: A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON MIGRATION ..................................................................................................................... 62
The LEVEL TELLING FIELD approach: programmatic and analytic dimensions ........................................................................ 63
Level Telling Field as a scalable concept .................................................................................................................................. 64
BEYOND VICARIOUS STORYTELLING: BALANCING PERSPECTIVES IN MIGRATION DEBATES ............................................................................... 64
Vicarious Storytelling ............................................................................................................................................................... 64
a step by step guide to allied storytelling ................................................................................................................................ 64
CLIMATE MIGRANTS VS. POLITICAL REFUGEES: UNRAVELLING PERCEPTIONS AND COMMUNICATION PATTERNS ON MIGRATION ............................ 65
Theory ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 65

, LES 1: INTRODUCTIE EN PERSOONLIJKE IDENTITEIT

Persoonlijke identiteit= identiteit die uniek, authentiek en individueel is
o Perspectief sociale wetenschappen: het ding dat een identiteit uniek is, is een mythe
o in de sociale wetenschappen is identiteit een sociale constructie (= verschilt in plaats, tijd, …)
o Individualisme is iets dat we elkaar aanleren om te zijn
o
▪ Vb. in West-Europa was identiteit 100 jaar geleden meer ingebed in tradities (lid van
religieuze stroming)
o Beck: ontwikkeling van een standaard naar een multiple choice biografie
▪ = van alles bepaald wordt voor jou naar verschillende keuzes moeten gaan maken
o Zelf identiteit -> reflectief project ( Giddens)
➔ “Zijn we dan wel vrij om te bepalen wat we willen?” -> invloed digitale media

PERSOONLIJKE IDENTITEIT: A DIALECTICAL APPROACH

Dialectische benadering: probleem tussen agency en structure
= we zijn als mens vrij om betekenissen te ontwikkelen MAAR wanneer we dit ontwikkelen heeft dit invloed op ons
en zijn we er afhankelijk van
- ‘we shape our tools and thereafter our tools shape us – McLuhan’
o Vb. taal: taal is ontwikkeld door mensen (agency) MAAR we kunnen niet buiten taal (structure): we
hebben taal nodig en worden gedwongen om de taal te gebruiken: structuur van de taal dat ons
dan weer bepaald
o Vb. Digitale media zijn gemaakt door mensen (agency) MAAR digitale media creëren ook een
identiteit bij mensen (structure)
▪ Vb. ontwikkeling van de pc: ontwikkeling is begonnen bij de Apple computer MAAR je pc is
ook een weerspiegeling van jezelf

Self identity and digital media
3 perspectieven:
o Cultuursociologie: hoe geven mensen betekenis aan zichzelf en de werkelijkheid om zich heen?
o Politieke economie: wij maken als individuen niet enkel betekenis in het medialandschap MAAR
de technologie wordt beheerst door grote bedrijven die op winst georiënteerd zijn
o Actor network theory: focus op de technologie achter media en de invloed die het heeft op de
zelfidentiteit
▪ = er is een intieme relatie tussen mensen en technologie


1. CULTUURSOCIOLOGIE
= bestudeert de individuele en collectieve betekenisgeving

Self identity and mass media:
o Massa media: top down approach:
o Wat doet media-inhoud met mensen, zelfbeeld, gedrag etc
o Klassieke theorieën van Lasswel: hypordemic needle theorie: tv beïnvloedt bewust wat je denkt: de
boodschappen die media uitzendt worden in de hoofden van mensen gespoten (mensen als
ontvangers zijn passief): zelfs identiteit wordt bepaald door mediaboodschappen
▪ Benadering dat publiek passief is, is problematisch: publiek is actief en interactief
- Cultuursociologie: Onze identiteit staat niet centraal, het gaat niet over hoe we onszelf vorm geven
- Hall: encoding (er zijn boodschappen die we kunnen analyseren) MAAR er wordt vooral aan decoding gedaan
(mensen gaan bepaalde boodschappen interpreteren en zich eigen maken)

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