NSG 5003 WEEK 3 KNOWLEDGE
CHECK: GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, AND
NEOPLASIA QUESTRIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION GUARANTEED
SUCCESS.
1. Which of the following describes the mechanism by which a proto-oncogene is converted
into an oncogene via point mutation?
A. The loss of heterozygosity in a tumor suppressor gene
B. The movement of a DNA segment from one chromosome to another
C. A significant increase in the number of gene copies
D. A change in a single nucleotide resulting in a hyperactive protein
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Point mutations involve a single nucleotide change that can
result in a protein with increased activity or stability, effectively turning a regulated proto-
oncogene into a constitutively active oncogene.
2. In the context of epigenetic regulation, what is the primary effect of DNA methylation on
gene expression?
A. Activation of transcription by loosening chromatin structure
,B. Silencing of gene expression by preventing transcription factor binding
C. Induction of DNA repair mechanisms
D. Increasing the rate of mRNA translation in the cytoplasm
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation, typically occurring at CpG islands in promoter
regions, acts to silence gene expression by inhibiting the binding of transcription factors or
recruiting proteins that condense chromatin.
3. Which genetic condition is characterized by a 47,XXY karyotype and symptoms such as
gynecomastia and small testes?
A. Turner Syndrome
B. Down Syndrome
C. Edward Syndrome
D. Klinefelter Syndrome
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Klinefelter Syndrome is caused by the presence of at least one
extra X chromosome in a male (47,XXY), leading to testicular atrophy and feminized
physical characteristics.
4. The ‘Warburg Effect’ in cancer biology refers to which metabolic shift?
A. Preferential use of aerobic glycolysis for energy production
, B. Increased reliance on oxidative phosphorylation even in low oxygen
C. Decreased glucose uptake to conserve resources
D. Reliance on fatty acid oxidation for rapid growth
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The Warburg Effect is the observation that cancer cells often
rely on glycolysis for energy even in the presence of adequate oxygen (aerobic glycolysis),
providing intermediates for rapid biosynthesis.
5. Which of the following is a classic example of a tumor suppressor gene that follows the
‘two-hit hypothesis’?
A. RAS
B. MYC
C. HER2
D. RB1
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The RB1 (retinoblastoma) gene was the basis for Knudson’s
two-hit hypothesis, requiring both alleles to be inactivated for cancer to develop.
6. What is the significance of the TNM staging system in clinical oncology?
A. It identifies the specific genetic mutation driving the tumor
B. It describes the tumor size, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis
CHECK: GENETICS, EPIGENETICS, AND
NEOPLASIA QUESTRIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION GUARANTEED
SUCCESS.
1. Which of the following describes the mechanism by which a proto-oncogene is converted
into an oncogene via point mutation?
A. The loss of heterozygosity in a tumor suppressor gene
B. The movement of a DNA segment from one chromosome to another
C. A significant increase in the number of gene copies
D. A change in a single nucleotide resulting in a hyperactive protein
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Point mutations involve a single nucleotide change that can
result in a protein with increased activity or stability, effectively turning a regulated proto-
oncogene into a constitutively active oncogene.
2. In the context of epigenetic regulation, what is the primary effect of DNA methylation on
gene expression?
A. Activation of transcription by loosening chromatin structure
,B. Silencing of gene expression by preventing transcription factor binding
C. Induction of DNA repair mechanisms
D. Increasing the rate of mRNA translation in the cytoplasm
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation, typically occurring at CpG islands in promoter
regions, acts to silence gene expression by inhibiting the binding of transcription factors or
recruiting proteins that condense chromatin.
3. Which genetic condition is characterized by a 47,XXY karyotype and symptoms such as
gynecomastia and small testes?
A. Turner Syndrome
B. Down Syndrome
C. Edward Syndrome
D. Klinefelter Syndrome
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Klinefelter Syndrome is caused by the presence of at least one
extra X chromosome in a male (47,XXY), leading to testicular atrophy and feminized
physical characteristics.
4. The ‘Warburg Effect’ in cancer biology refers to which metabolic shift?
A. Preferential use of aerobic glycolysis for energy production
, B. Increased reliance on oxidative phosphorylation even in low oxygen
C. Decreased glucose uptake to conserve resources
D. Reliance on fatty acid oxidation for rapid growth
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The Warburg Effect is the observation that cancer cells often
rely on glycolysis for energy even in the presence of adequate oxygen (aerobic glycolysis),
providing intermediates for rapid biosynthesis.
5. Which of the following is a classic example of a tumor suppressor gene that follows the
‘two-hit hypothesis’?
A. RAS
B. MYC
C. HER2
D. RB1
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The RB1 (retinoblastoma) gene was the basis for Knudson’s
two-hit hypothesis, requiring both alleles to be inactivated for cancer to develop.
6. What is the significance of the TNM staging system in clinical oncology?
A. It identifies the specific genetic mutation driving the tumor
B. It describes the tumor size, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis
