TESTBANK FOR mcCANCE AND HUETHER’S
n7 n7 n7 n7
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The Biological Basis for Diseases in
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
n7 Adults and Children 9th Edition/All Chapters/Complete Guide
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
2026-2027 n7
, Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
n7 n7 n7
MULTIPLE CHOICE n7
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
a. Cells can produce proteins. n7 c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n 7 n7 n7 n7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-C
n7
Reasoning:->>>In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
substances from their surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
descriptions of cellular metabolic absorption.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PG 2 n7
2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus
b. Ribosome d. Lysosome n 7 n 7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-C n7
Reasoning:->>>The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
composed largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The other options do not
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
contain most of a cell’s genetic information.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PG 2 n7
3. Which component of the cell prodNuUceRsSIhNyGd TroBg. CenO M
n7 p eroxide (H2O2) by using
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
reaction?
n7
a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes
b. Peroxisomes d. Oxyhydrosomes n 7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-B n7
Reasoning:->>>Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
reaction that produces H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins,
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Oxyhydrosomes are involved in enzyme
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
production.
n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PG 8 n7
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
cell injury?
n7 n7
a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum n7 n7
b. Golgi complex n7 d. Lysosomes
n 7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-D n7
, Reasoning:->>>The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
powerful digestive enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, blocking their
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-digestion. The other
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
options do not correctly describe this process.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PGs 7-8 n7
5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
n7 pancreas cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
to the ribosome for synthesis, and is conducted in a secretory vesicle to
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the cell membrane.
n7 n7 n7
b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the lysosome for synthesis, and is conducted in an encapsulated membrane to
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the cell membrane.
n7 n7 n7
c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the ribosome for synthesis, and is conducted in a cytoskeleton to the cell
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
membrane.
n7
d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the Golgi complex for synthesis, and is conducted in a cytosol to the cell
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
membrane.
n7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-A n7
Reasoning:->>>The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is conducted in a secretory vesicle to
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the cell membrane. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PG 7 | Figure 1-5
n7 n7 n7 n7
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
a. G1 c. G2
b. S d. M n 7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-B n7
Reasoning:->>>The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
= gap), which is the period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs,
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
(4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PG 37 n7
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
as receptors, transportation/transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
drive active pumps?
n7 n7 n7
a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates n 7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-C n7
, Reasoning:->>>Proteins act as (1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
substances moving in and out of the cell; (2) pores or transportation/transport
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
channels for various electrically charged particles called ions or electrolytes and
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides; and
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
(3) specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote the concentration of
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
certain ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
of other ions, for example, sodium (Na+), below the concentrations found in the
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
extracellular environment. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PG 13 | PG 15 n7 n7 n7 n7
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
which human diseases?
n7 n7 n7
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders n7 n7 n7
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders n7 n7 n7
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders n7 n7 n7
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders n7 n7 n7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-B n7
Reasoning:->>>Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
for designing drug interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
many human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
disorders. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n7 n7 PG 15 n7
9. Which structure blocks water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
plasma
n7 n7
membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains n7 c. Membrane channel proteins n7 n7
b. Glycoprotein channels n7 d. Lipid bilayer
n 7 n7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-D n7
Reasoning:->>>The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the plasma membrane. It is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
that dissolve in water) because the water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as oxygen (O2)
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily. The other options do not
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
correctly describe this process.
n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PGs 12-13 n7
10. The fluid mosaic model explains:
n7 n7 n7 n7
a. How a cell membrane functions
n7 n7 n7 n7
b. Why our bodies appear to be solid
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
c. How tissue is differentiatedn7 n7 n7
d. How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-A n7
Reasoning:->>>The fluid mosaic model accounts for the flexibility of cellular membranes, n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
their
n7
self-sealing properties, and their impermeability to many substances. The remaining
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
options do not explain the mosaic model.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
n7 n7 n7 n7
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The Biological Basis for Diseases in
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
n7 Adults and Children 9th Edition/All Chapters/Complete Guide
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
2026-2027 n7
, Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
n7 n7 n7
MULTIPLE CHOICE n7
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
a. Cells can produce proteins. n7 c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n 7 n7 n7 n7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-C
n7
Reasoning:->>>In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
substances from their surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
descriptions of cellular metabolic absorption.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PG 2 n7
2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus
b. Ribosome d. Lysosome n 7 n 7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-C n7
Reasoning:->>>The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
composed largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The other options do not
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
contain most of a cell’s genetic information.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PG 2 n7
3. Which component of the cell prodNuUceRsSIhNyGd TroBg. CenO M
n7 p eroxide (H2O2) by using
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
reaction?
n7
a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes
b. Peroxisomes d. Oxyhydrosomes n 7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-B n7
Reasoning:->>>Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
reaction that produces H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins,
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Oxyhydrosomes are involved in enzyme
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
production.
n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PG 8 n7
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
cell injury?
n7 n7
a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum n7 n7
b. Golgi complex n7 d. Lysosomes
n 7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-D n7
, Reasoning:->>>The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
powerful digestive enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, blocking their
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-digestion. The other
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
options do not correctly describe this process.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PGs 7-8 n7
5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
n7 pancreas cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
to the ribosome for synthesis, and is conducted in a secretory vesicle to
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the cell membrane.
n7 n7 n7
b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the lysosome for synthesis, and is conducted in an encapsulated membrane to
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the cell membrane.
n7 n7 n7
c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the ribosome for synthesis, and is conducted in a cytoskeleton to the cell
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
membrane.
n7
d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the Golgi complex for synthesis, and is conducted in a cytosol to the cell
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
membrane.
n7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-A n7
Reasoning:->>>The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is conducted in a secretory vesicle to
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the cell membrane. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PG 7 | Figure 1-5
n7 n7 n7 n7
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
a. G1 c. G2
b. S d. M n 7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-B n7
Reasoning:->>>The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
= gap), which is the period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs,
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
(4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PG 37 n7
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
as receptors, transportation/transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
drive active pumps?
n7 n7 n7
a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates n 7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-C n7
, Reasoning:->>>Proteins act as (1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
substances moving in and out of the cell; (2) pores or transportation/transport
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
channels for various electrically charged particles called ions or electrolytes and
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides; and
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
(3) specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote the concentration of
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
certain ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
of other ions, for example, sodium (Na+), below the concentrations found in the
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
extracellular environment. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PG 13 | PG 15 n7 n7 n7 n7
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
which human diseases?
n7 n7 n7
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders n7 n7 n7
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders n7 n7 n7
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders n7 n7 n7
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders n7 n7 n7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-B n7
Reasoning:->>>Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
for designing drug interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
many human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
disorders. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n7 n7 PG 15 n7
9. Which structure blocks water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
plasma
n7 n7
membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains n7 c. Membrane channel proteins n7 n7
b. Glycoprotein channels n7 d. Lipid bilayer
n 7 n7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-D n7
Reasoning:->>>The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
the plasma membrane. It is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
that dissolve in water) because the water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as oxygen (O2)
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily. The other options do not
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
correctly describe this process.
n7 n7 n7 n7
PTS: n 7 n 7 1 REF: n 7 PGs 12-13 n7
10. The fluid mosaic model explains:
n7 n7 n7 n7
a. How a cell membrane functions
n7 n7 n7 n7
b. Why our bodies appear to be solid
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
c. How tissue is differentiatedn7 n7 n7
d. How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
ACCURATE ANSWER:-A n7
Reasoning:->>>The fluid mosaic model accounts for the flexibility of cellular membranes, n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
their
n7
self-sealing properties, and their impermeability to many substances. The remaining
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
options do not explain the mosaic model.
n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7 n7
