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NR 507 Final Exam 2026/2027 |
Advanced Pathophysiology |
Chamberlain
Prepare for the NR 507 Final Exam in Advanced
Pathophysiology at Chamberlain University. This
comprehensive review covers cellular biology, genetics,
inflammation, immunity, infection, cardiovascular,
pulmonary, renal, neurologic, endocrine, gastrointestinal,
hepatic, and musculoskeletal pathologies. Ideal for NR507
final exam preparation, concept review, clinical reasoning,
and graduate nursing study for the 2026/2027 academic
year.
1. Which cellular adaptation involves a reversible change from one mature cell type to
another?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another, often in
response to chronic irritation, such as squamous metaplasia in the bronchi of smokers.
, 2|Page
2. A patient has an autosomal dominant disorder. If one parent is heterozygous
affected and the other is unaffected, what is the risk of passing the disorder to
offspring?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 100%
B. 50%
In autosomal dominant inheritance with one affected heterozygous parent, each
pregnancy carries a 50% chance of transmitting the mutated allele.
3. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with myocardial infarction?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
Coagulative necrosis occurs due to ischemia in most tissues except the brain,
preserving tissue architecture temporarily with denatured proteins.
4. What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
A. Chromosomal translocation
B. Nondisjunction during meiosis
C. Mosaicism
D. Deletion of chromosome 21
B. Nondisjunction during meiosis
Nondisjunction, particularly maternal meiosis I, is the leading cause of trisomy 21,
accounting for approximately 95% of cases.
, 3|Page
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely in a patient with prolonged vomiting?
A. Hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis
B. Hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis
C. Hypernatremia and respiratory acidosis
D. Hypocalcemia and respiratory alkalosis
B. Hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting causes loss of hydrogen and potassium ions, leading to metabolic alkalosis
and hypokalemia.
6. A patient with heart failure has increased preload. Which mechanism contributes to
this?
A. Decreased venous return
B. Increased venous return and fluid retention
C. Increased afterload
D. Decreased stroke volume
B. Increased venous return and fluid retention
Preload is the volume of blood in the ventricles at end-diastole; fluid retention and
venoconstriction increase venous return and preload.
7. Which laboratory finding is expected in primary hypothyroidism?
A. Low TSH with high free T4
B. Elevated TSH with low free T4
C. Elevated TSH with high free T4
D. Low TSH with low free T4
B. Elevated TSH with low free T4
Primary hypothyroidism involves thyroid gland failure, causing low T4 and
compensatory elevated TSH due to loss of negative feedback.
8. What is the primary pathophysiologic defect in type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
, 4|Page
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Increased hepatic glucose output
D. Decreased glucagon secretion
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Type 1 diabetes results from T-cell mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-
producing beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
9. Which acid-base disturbance is most consistent with opioid overdose?
A. Respiratory alkalosis
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
Opioids depress the respiratory center, causing hypoventilation, CO2 retention, and
respiratory acidosis.
10. A patient with chronic kidney disease has anemia. What is the primary cause?
A. Iron deficiency
B. Decreased erythropoietin production
C. Vitamin B12 deficiency
D. Increased hemolysis
B. Decreased erythropoietin production
The kidneys produce erythropoietin; in CKD, reduced production leads to decreased red
blood cell formation.
11. Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for allergic responses?
A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgM
D. IgE
NR 507 Final Exam 2026/2027 |
Advanced Pathophysiology |
Chamberlain
Prepare for the NR 507 Final Exam in Advanced
Pathophysiology at Chamberlain University. This
comprehensive review covers cellular biology, genetics,
inflammation, immunity, infection, cardiovascular,
pulmonary, renal, neurologic, endocrine, gastrointestinal,
hepatic, and musculoskeletal pathologies. Ideal for NR507
final exam preparation, concept review, clinical reasoning,
and graduate nursing study for the 2026/2027 academic
year.
1. Which cellular adaptation involves a reversible change from one mature cell type to
another?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another, often in
response to chronic irritation, such as squamous metaplasia in the bronchi of smokers.
, 2|Page
2. A patient has an autosomal dominant disorder. If one parent is heterozygous
affected and the other is unaffected, what is the risk of passing the disorder to
offspring?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 100%
B. 50%
In autosomal dominant inheritance with one affected heterozygous parent, each
pregnancy carries a 50% chance of transmitting the mutated allele.
3. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with myocardial infarction?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
Coagulative necrosis occurs due to ischemia in most tissues except the brain,
preserving tissue architecture temporarily with denatured proteins.
4. What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
A. Chromosomal translocation
B. Nondisjunction during meiosis
C. Mosaicism
D. Deletion of chromosome 21
B. Nondisjunction during meiosis
Nondisjunction, particularly maternal meiosis I, is the leading cause of trisomy 21,
accounting for approximately 95% of cases.
, 3|Page
5. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely in a patient with prolonged vomiting?
A. Hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis
B. Hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis
C. Hypernatremia and respiratory acidosis
D. Hypocalcemia and respiratory alkalosis
B. Hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting causes loss of hydrogen and potassium ions, leading to metabolic alkalosis
and hypokalemia.
6. A patient with heart failure has increased preload. Which mechanism contributes to
this?
A. Decreased venous return
B. Increased venous return and fluid retention
C. Increased afterload
D. Decreased stroke volume
B. Increased venous return and fluid retention
Preload is the volume of blood in the ventricles at end-diastole; fluid retention and
venoconstriction increase venous return and preload.
7. Which laboratory finding is expected in primary hypothyroidism?
A. Low TSH with high free T4
B. Elevated TSH with low free T4
C. Elevated TSH with high free T4
D. Low TSH with low free T4
B. Elevated TSH with low free T4
Primary hypothyroidism involves thyroid gland failure, causing low T4 and
compensatory elevated TSH due to loss of negative feedback.
8. What is the primary pathophysiologic defect in type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
, 4|Page
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Increased hepatic glucose output
D. Decreased glucagon secretion
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Type 1 diabetes results from T-cell mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-
producing beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
9. Which acid-base disturbance is most consistent with opioid overdose?
A. Respiratory alkalosis
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
D. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory acidosis
Opioids depress the respiratory center, causing hypoventilation, CO2 retention, and
respiratory acidosis.
10. A patient with chronic kidney disease has anemia. What is the primary cause?
A. Iron deficiency
B. Decreased erythropoietin production
C. Vitamin B12 deficiency
D. Increased hemolysis
B. Decreased erythropoietin production
The kidneys produce erythropoietin; in CKD, reduced production leads to decreased red
blood cell formation.
11. Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for allergic responses?
A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgM
D. IgE
