NURS 3366 Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers (Grade A+)
Question 1: Innate resistance?
Answer: naturalmechanisms born with
Question 2: What are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lines of defense in innate resistance?
Answer: 1stphysical barriers (skin); immediate & nonspecific 2ndinflammation; immediate and nonspecific
3rd- Acquired (adaptive) immunity
Question 3: Acquired (adaptive) immunity
Answer: also the 3rd line of defense
-resist certain disease because of immunocytes
-delayed and specific
Question 4: What are immunocytes?
Answer: lymphocytes- B and T cells
Question 5: What is the 1st line of defense and how does it work?
Answer: Skin!
-sweat has antibacterial and antifungal properties
Question 6: Eye defense?
Answer: 1st line of defense
-tears (Sjogren's syndrome) autoimmune that dries up lubricating fluids all over body not just tears
-eyelashes
Question 7: Respiratory defense?
Answer: mucus in nose traps bacteria cilia of bronchi cells sweep away foreign bodies cough reflex
Question 8: Gastrointestinal defense?
Answer: -saliva with protective enzymes
-HCl in stomach gage reflex/vomiting gets rid of injurious agents
-bowels
Page 1
,Question 9: Genitourinary defense?
Answer: -flow of urine washes away microbes
-vaginal secretions slightly acidic-kills bacteria
Question 10: What is the second line of defenseinflammation characterized by?
Answer: -swelling
-heat
-erythema (redness)
-pain
-if not enough will bring in 3rd line of defenseacquired immunity
Question 11: What are B and T cells?
Answer: T lymphocytesdefend body by direct attack against invaders B lymphocytesdefend body by
differentiating into plasma cells, creating antibodies and will now "lay in wait" and always "remember"
Question 12: Antigens?
Answer: proteins that can stimulate immunocyte reaction against them
-normal for body to respond to antigens that are foreign to our body, but abnormal to respond to self
antigens
Question 13: Antibodies?
Answer: IgG, IgA, IgE
-proteins that respond with specificity according to type of antigen entering body
Question 14: What is active acquired immunity?
Answer: person own immunocyte system developed the antibodies that established immunity
Question 15: Natural active acquired immunity?
Answer: persons plasma cells build up antibodies in response to microbially-induced sickness
Question 16: Artificial active acquired immunity?
Answer: persons plasma cells build up antibodies in response to receiving immunization booster can be
given for MMR because antibodies become weaker over time
Question 17: Passive acquired immunity?
Answer: given someone elses antibodies and did not develop the antibodies on their own
Page 2
,Question 18: Natural passive acquired immunity?
Answer: transfer of antibodies from mom to baby via placenta (MatAb antibodies cross placental membrane
from her blood to fetus and disintegrate by time baby is 2-3 months old) or breast milk (some MatAbs can
transfer during breast feeding but after baby stops breastfeeding, MatAbs disintegrate) temporary
antibodies!!
Question 19: Artificial passive acquired immunity?
Answer: antibodies are injected during treatment in emergencies until active immunity can develop ex: TIG
(tetanus immunoglobin) given to pt with dirty would who has never had tetanus/has not had booster in long
time
Question 20: What are advantages and disadvantages of passive immunity?
Answer: advantages:
-powerful to immediately fight disease
-immediately begin attacking microbes disadvantages:
-only lasts as long as antibody lastsabout 2 weeks
Question 21: What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?
Answer: facilitate shifting of substances from blood into injured/irritated tissues to:
-clean up healing area, begin clotting process and promote healing
-stimulate enhanced immunocyte response as needed
Question 22: Step 1 of inflammatory response?
Answer: Leakiness in 3 ways 1- irritated/injured cells that makeup tissues undergo disruption to metabolic
pathway--loss of cell membrane integrity--leakage of fluid in area 2- mast cell degranulation occurs (tissue
in body made up of mast cells)--stimulated by injurywill degranulate and LEAK chemical "granules"-- local
inflammatory mediators (leukotrienes, histamine, prostaglandins) 3-cause capillaries in area to swell up and
vasodilate (relax) and more permeable so leak plasma from blood to tissue and this leaking plasma contains
neutrophils, clotting factors and fibring if MORE inflammation is needed- SYSTEMIC inflammatory
mediators come to area via bloodstream to "POUR FUEL ON FIRE" aka ACUTE PHASE REAC- TANTS-
CPR, circulating prostaglandins
Question 23: Step 2 of inflammation process?
Answer: -neutrophils (phagocytic WBC in blood) and macrophages (phagocytic cells in tissue) phagocytize
"eat and destroy" dirt, debris, dying tissue or microbes they might find in the area
-combination of plasma, phagocytes, dead tissue, bacteria, fibrin cells result in thick fluid called exudate
(little microbe involvement will have clear gold color called serous exudate and if has bloodserosanguinous)
-if more microbe and WBC involvementinfectionexudate becomes thick and white/yellow and is purulent
exudate or pus
Page 3
, Question 24: Step 3 of inflammation process?
Answer: if bacteria, viruses were apart of the mix from step 2, macrophages will have phagocytized and
processed them and need help from 3rd line of defenseacquired immunity!
-the lymphocytes will help kill microbes and create memory (immunity)
-to involved lymphocytes: macrophages secrete chemotactic substances to "call immunocytes" to come to
area via bloodstream AND display remnants of microbes on cell membranes as display guide to
lymphocytes of "HEY LOOK THIS IS OUR ENEMY!!"
Question 25: Step 4 of inflammation process?
Answer: -clotting factors, platelets and fibrin come together to create healinggranulating tissue
Question 26: WBC types? mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes
Answer: mast cells: WBC in tissue macrophages: start off life as monocytes and end up in tissue and
phaogcytize microbes neutrophilscirculating phagocytes and kill microogranisms in blood and tissue
lymphocytes: B and T lymphocytes "immunocytes"
Question 27: What are examples of local inflammatory response?
Answer: appendicitis, pleuritis, thyroiditis
Question 28: What is the systemic inflammatory response?
Answer: the same as the local one, but less specific focus!
-occurs when body needs extra help with more leukocytes and acute phase reactants (CRP, circulating
prostaglandins)
Question 29: What inflammatory response characters would be involved in system response?
Answer: leukotriens, histamines, prostaglandins, CRP, large numbers WBCS
-first 3 are when it is local, and last 3 (prosta becomes circulating) when systemic
Question 30: What are S/S of systemic inflammation?
Answer: -malaise, aches, pains, fever fever (because of response to increased prostaglandins and acute
phase reactants and to KILL microorganisms)
-lab tests: CBC will show increased leukocytes-WBC and neutrophils especially because they are KEY
phagocytes
-serum CRP will be elevated because it is an acute phase reactant "fuel on fire"
Page 4
Question 1: Innate resistance?
Answer: naturalmechanisms born with
Question 2: What are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lines of defense in innate resistance?
Answer: 1stphysical barriers (skin); immediate & nonspecific 2ndinflammation; immediate and nonspecific
3rd- Acquired (adaptive) immunity
Question 3: Acquired (adaptive) immunity
Answer: also the 3rd line of defense
-resist certain disease because of immunocytes
-delayed and specific
Question 4: What are immunocytes?
Answer: lymphocytes- B and T cells
Question 5: What is the 1st line of defense and how does it work?
Answer: Skin!
-sweat has antibacterial and antifungal properties
Question 6: Eye defense?
Answer: 1st line of defense
-tears (Sjogren's syndrome) autoimmune that dries up lubricating fluids all over body not just tears
-eyelashes
Question 7: Respiratory defense?
Answer: mucus in nose traps bacteria cilia of bronchi cells sweep away foreign bodies cough reflex
Question 8: Gastrointestinal defense?
Answer: -saliva with protective enzymes
-HCl in stomach gage reflex/vomiting gets rid of injurious agents
-bowels
Page 1
,Question 9: Genitourinary defense?
Answer: -flow of urine washes away microbes
-vaginal secretions slightly acidic-kills bacteria
Question 10: What is the second line of defenseinflammation characterized by?
Answer: -swelling
-heat
-erythema (redness)
-pain
-if not enough will bring in 3rd line of defenseacquired immunity
Question 11: What are B and T cells?
Answer: T lymphocytesdefend body by direct attack against invaders B lymphocytesdefend body by
differentiating into plasma cells, creating antibodies and will now "lay in wait" and always "remember"
Question 12: Antigens?
Answer: proteins that can stimulate immunocyte reaction against them
-normal for body to respond to antigens that are foreign to our body, but abnormal to respond to self
antigens
Question 13: Antibodies?
Answer: IgG, IgA, IgE
-proteins that respond with specificity according to type of antigen entering body
Question 14: What is active acquired immunity?
Answer: person own immunocyte system developed the antibodies that established immunity
Question 15: Natural active acquired immunity?
Answer: persons plasma cells build up antibodies in response to microbially-induced sickness
Question 16: Artificial active acquired immunity?
Answer: persons plasma cells build up antibodies in response to receiving immunization booster can be
given for MMR because antibodies become weaker over time
Question 17: Passive acquired immunity?
Answer: given someone elses antibodies and did not develop the antibodies on their own
Page 2
,Question 18: Natural passive acquired immunity?
Answer: transfer of antibodies from mom to baby via placenta (MatAb antibodies cross placental membrane
from her blood to fetus and disintegrate by time baby is 2-3 months old) or breast milk (some MatAbs can
transfer during breast feeding but after baby stops breastfeeding, MatAbs disintegrate) temporary
antibodies!!
Question 19: Artificial passive acquired immunity?
Answer: antibodies are injected during treatment in emergencies until active immunity can develop ex: TIG
(tetanus immunoglobin) given to pt with dirty would who has never had tetanus/has not had booster in long
time
Question 20: What are advantages and disadvantages of passive immunity?
Answer: advantages:
-powerful to immediately fight disease
-immediately begin attacking microbes disadvantages:
-only lasts as long as antibody lastsabout 2 weeks
Question 21: What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?
Answer: facilitate shifting of substances from blood into injured/irritated tissues to:
-clean up healing area, begin clotting process and promote healing
-stimulate enhanced immunocyte response as needed
Question 22: Step 1 of inflammatory response?
Answer: Leakiness in 3 ways 1- irritated/injured cells that makeup tissues undergo disruption to metabolic
pathway--loss of cell membrane integrity--leakage of fluid in area 2- mast cell degranulation occurs (tissue
in body made up of mast cells)--stimulated by injurywill degranulate and LEAK chemical "granules"-- local
inflammatory mediators (leukotrienes, histamine, prostaglandins) 3-cause capillaries in area to swell up and
vasodilate (relax) and more permeable so leak plasma from blood to tissue and this leaking plasma contains
neutrophils, clotting factors and fibring if MORE inflammation is needed- SYSTEMIC inflammatory
mediators come to area via bloodstream to "POUR FUEL ON FIRE" aka ACUTE PHASE REAC- TANTS-
CPR, circulating prostaglandins
Question 23: Step 2 of inflammation process?
Answer: -neutrophils (phagocytic WBC in blood) and macrophages (phagocytic cells in tissue) phagocytize
"eat and destroy" dirt, debris, dying tissue or microbes they might find in the area
-combination of plasma, phagocytes, dead tissue, bacteria, fibrin cells result in thick fluid called exudate
(little microbe involvement will have clear gold color called serous exudate and if has bloodserosanguinous)
-if more microbe and WBC involvementinfectionexudate becomes thick and white/yellow and is purulent
exudate or pus
Page 3
, Question 24: Step 3 of inflammation process?
Answer: if bacteria, viruses were apart of the mix from step 2, macrophages will have phagocytized and
processed them and need help from 3rd line of defenseacquired immunity!
-the lymphocytes will help kill microbes and create memory (immunity)
-to involved lymphocytes: macrophages secrete chemotactic substances to "call immunocytes" to come to
area via bloodstream AND display remnants of microbes on cell membranes as display guide to
lymphocytes of "HEY LOOK THIS IS OUR ENEMY!!"
Question 25: Step 4 of inflammation process?
Answer: -clotting factors, platelets and fibrin come together to create healinggranulating tissue
Question 26: WBC types? mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes
Answer: mast cells: WBC in tissue macrophages: start off life as monocytes and end up in tissue and
phaogcytize microbes neutrophilscirculating phagocytes and kill microogranisms in blood and tissue
lymphocytes: B and T lymphocytes "immunocytes"
Question 27: What are examples of local inflammatory response?
Answer: appendicitis, pleuritis, thyroiditis
Question 28: What is the systemic inflammatory response?
Answer: the same as the local one, but less specific focus!
-occurs when body needs extra help with more leukocytes and acute phase reactants (CRP, circulating
prostaglandins)
Question 29: What inflammatory response characters would be involved in system response?
Answer: leukotriens, histamines, prostaglandins, CRP, large numbers WBCS
-first 3 are when it is local, and last 3 (prosta becomes circulating) when systemic
Question 30: What are S/S of systemic inflammation?
Answer: -malaise, aches, pains, fever fever (because of response to increased prostaglandins and acute
phase reactants and to KILL microorganisms)
-lab tests: CBC will show increased leukocytes-WBC and neutrophils especially because they are KEY
phagocytes
-serum CRP will be elevated because it is an acute phase reactant "fuel on fire"
Page 4
