Apex-ANS Exam 2026/2027 – Verified
Questions & Correct Answers
All of the following are examples of second messengers except:
a. Calcium
b. inositol triphosphate
c. cyclic adenosine monophosphate
d. glutamate - correct answer-d. glutamate
Glutamate is the FIRST messenger for the NMDA receptor
Stimulation of which receptors activates phospholipase C (select 2):
a. Beta 1
b. M-2
c. Alpha 1
d. Vasopressin 1 - correct answer-C & D
alpha 1
vasopressin 1
,Voltage gated Na+ channels in neurons are an example of what type of cellular
communication? - correct answer-ion-channels open or close to allows ions down
a concentration gradient
What is an enzyme-linked receptor? - correct answer-the receptor is also an
enzyme
signal binging actiate the catalytic domain
ex. insulin receptor in skeletal muscle linked to tyrosine kinase
What is the first messenger? - correct answer-the ligand that binds to a G-protein
coupled receptor
can be a neurotransmitter, hormone, or drug
How does the G-protein coupled receptor activate the effector? - correct answer-
alpha dissociates from beta and gamma
After an effector activates the second messenger, what is the next step? - correct
answer-2nd messenger starts an enzymatic cascade to lead to a cellular response
The intracellular response to the 2nd messenger is _________________
_________________. - correct answer-tissue specific
, What are some examples of effectors that can be activated by a G-protein
coupled receptor? - correct answer-adenylate cyclase
phospholipase C
GABA
M2
How many second messengers are there and what are they? - correct answer-
FIVE
1. cAMP
2. cGMP
3. IP3
4. DAG
5. Ca++
Beta 1 stimulation in the SNS causes ..... - correct answer-increased contractility,
increased HR, and increased conduction speed
Which alpha receptor is predominantly stimulated in the SNS in the arteries? -
correct answer-alpha 1
Which alpha receptors is predominantly stimulated in the SNS in the veins? -
correct answer-alpha 2
Which receptor causes vasodilation by SNS stimulation in the myocardium and
skeletal muscle? - correct answer-beta 2
Questions & Correct Answers
All of the following are examples of second messengers except:
a. Calcium
b. inositol triphosphate
c. cyclic adenosine monophosphate
d. glutamate - correct answer-d. glutamate
Glutamate is the FIRST messenger for the NMDA receptor
Stimulation of which receptors activates phospholipase C (select 2):
a. Beta 1
b. M-2
c. Alpha 1
d. Vasopressin 1 - correct answer-C & D
alpha 1
vasopressin 1
,Voltage gated Na+ channels in neurons are an example of what type of cellular
communication? - correct answer-ion-channels open or close to allows ions down
a concentration gradient
What is an enzyme-linked receptor? - correct answer-the receptor is also an
enzyme
signal binging actiate the catalytic domain
ex. insulin receptor in skeletal muscle linked to tyrosine kinase
What is the first messenger? - correct answer-the ligand that binds to a G-protein
coupled receptor
can be a neurotransmitter, hormone, or drug
How does the G-protein coupled receptor activate the effector? - correct answer-
alpha dissociates from beta and gamma
After an effector activates the second messenger, what is the next step? - correct
answer-2nd messenger starts an enzymatic cascade to lead to a cellular response
The intracellular response to the 2nd messenger is _________________
_________________. - correct answer-tissue specific
, What are some examples of effectors that can be activated by a G-protein
coupled receptor? - correct answer-adenylate cyclase
phospholipase C
GABA
M2
How many second messengers are there and what are they? - correct answer-
FIVE
1. cAMP
2. cGMP
3. IP3
4. DAG
5. Ca++
Beta 1 stimulation in the SNS causes ..... - correct answer-increased contractility,
increased HR, and increased conduction speed
Which alpha receptor is predominantly stimulated in the SNS in the arteries? -
correct answer-alpha 1
Which alpha receptors is predominantly stimulated in the SNS in the veins? -
correct answer-alpha 2
Which receptor causes vasodilation by SNS stimulation in the myocardium and
skeletal muscle? - correct answer-beta 2
