STUDY GUIDE
oTerms to know
oAtraumatic Care- is the philosophy of providing therapeutic care through the use of
interventions that eliminate or minimize the psychologic and physical distress
experienced by children and families.
oRespite Care- Respite care provides short-term relief for primary caregivers. It can be
arranged for just an afternoon or for several days or weeks. Care can be provided at
home, in a healthcare facility, or at an adult day center.
oFamily Centered Care- sharing with the family on a continuing basis and in a
supportive manner the best information regarding their child’s health care
oFamily Stress theory- explores the periodic, acute stressors that happen in all families
oFamily developmental theory- focuses on the systemic and patterned changes
experienced by families as they move through their life course. The term family used
here represents a social group containing at least one parent/ child relationship. EX-
life cycles stages such as marriage, families with children in different stages of
development, children leaving the home, leading to empty nest
oParenting Styles
Dictatorial or Authoritarian- Parents try to control the child’s behaviors and
attitudes through unquestioned rules and expectations.
Permissive- Parents exert little or no control over the child’s behaviors, and
consult the child when making decisions.
Democratic or Authoritative- Parents direct the child’s behavior by setting
rules and explaining the reason for each rule. Parents negatively reinforce
deviations from the rules.
Passive- Parents are uninvolved, indifferent, and emotionally removed.
oPhysiologic anorexia- is the decreased nutritional need and decreased appetite. (picky,
fussy eaters)
oFood jag- is when a child will only eat one food item, or a very small group of food
items, meal after meal. Some other common childhood eating behaviors that can
concern parents include fear of new foods and refusal to eat what is served
oPseudohypertrophy- Enlargement at the site of an organ or part resulting from an increase
in size or number of a separate tissue.
oDermatitis- is a common condition that has many causes and occurs in many forms. It
usually involves itchy, dry skin or a rash on swollen, reddened skin. Or it may cause the
skin to blister, ooze, crust or flake off
oImpetigo- s a common and highly contagious skin infection that mainly affects infants
and children. Impetigo usually appears as red sores on the face, especially around a
child's nose and mouth, and on hands and feet. The sores burst and develop honey-
colored crusts.
, oFolliculitis- is a common skin condition in which hair follicles become inflamed. It's
usually caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. At first it may look like small red bumps
or white-headed pimples around hair follicles — the tiny pockets from which each hair
grows.
oCellulitis- is a common and sometimes painful bacterial skin infection. It may first appear
as a red, swollen area that feels hot and tender to the touch. The redness and swelling can
spread quickly. It most often affects the skin of the lower legs, although the infection can
occur anywhere on a person's body or face.
oUnderstanding G& D
oPiaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Preoperational (2- 6 years)
Concrete Operations (7-12 years)
Formal Operations (12- adult)
oErikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identify vs. Role Confusion
oFine/ Gross Motor Skills for all age groups
oAppropriate Pain Scales
oHearing/ Visual Assessment & deficits
Respiratory
oUpper Airway Disorders- illnesses causing inflammation and swelling of epiglottis
and larynx.
Croup Syndromes
oEpiglottis
oLaryngotracheobronchitis
oBacterial Tracheitis
oLower Airway Disorders- A lower respiratory tract infection can affect the airways,
such as with bronchitis, or the air sacs at the end of the airways, as in the case of
pneumonia.
oBronchitis
oBronchiolitis
oPneumonia
oTuberculosis
oBronchopulmonary Dysplasia- RF, respiratory distress syndrome; few, large
alveoli, poor gas exchange
oNeed for oxygen for 28+ days after premature birth.
oDistress with regular activity
oNeed CPT, ventilatory support, increased caloric need for adequate weight
gain.
oAssess and manage episodes, monitor infant development, promote nutrition
intake and weight gain, prevent infection/preventable complications, closely
monitor ABCs, education and support
, oRespiratory Failure- is a condition in which your blood does not have enough O2 or
has to much CO2 and your lungs cannot easily move oxygen into your blood or
remove CO2.
oChildren compensate longer and may not appear outwardly
symptomatic; they also decline faster
oHypoxemia
oCompensation with increased respiratory effort
oHypercapnia
oRespiratory monitoring
oForeign Body Aspiration- Object lodged in respiratory tract causing obstruction and
respiratory distress.
oGoal is to stabilize child and prevent any further respiratory complications
oEducate on prevention from reoccurrence
oSIDS- is the unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby
less than a year old. SIDS is sometimes known as crib death because the infants often
die in their cribs.
oEducation about Back to Sleep Campaign
oRemoving soft bedding, bumpers
oPacifier use linked to decreased incidences
Mental Health and Cognitive Dysfunction
oAutism- Impairment in socialization, communication, behavior
oFlat affect, emotional lability
oSelf-stimulating and self-destructive behaviors
oCommunication difficulty/delay
oMaximize child’s ability to improve skills and behaviors
oTherapies based on severity of spectrum and functionality
oADHD/ADD- Disorder that makes it difficult for a person to pay attention and
control impulse behaviors.
oDecreased attention span
oImpulsivity, increased motor activity
oDevelopmental learning disabilities
oDifficulty completing tasks
oFidgets
oLoud, interrupts others
oDifficulty developing/maintaining relationships
oModify environment to decrease stimulation
oTherapeutic approaches, behavior therapies
oDecrease screen time, distractions
oClassroom placement
oConsistent limits, clear expectations, structure
Vaccinations- Know the schedule
Cardiac Dysfunction/anomalies
oIncreased Pulmonary Blood Flow- Higher pressures on LEFT side of heart,
more blood to is going to the lungs, increased pulmonary vascular resistance,
right ventricular hypertrophy occurs- Blood is shunting LEFT TO RIGHT
oPatent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
oAtrial Septal Defect (ASD)
oVentricular Septal Defect (VAD)
Clinical Manifestations
oTerms to know
oAtraumatic Care- is the philosophy of providing therapeutic care through the use of
interventions that eliminate or minimize the psychologic and physical distress
experienced by children and families.
oRespite Care- Respite care provides short-term relief for primary caregivers. It can be
arranged for just an afternoon or for several days or weeks. Care can be provided at
home, in a healthcare facility, or at an adult day center.
oFamily Centered Care- sharing with the family on a continuing basis and in a
supportive manner the best information regarding their child’s health care
oFamily Stress theory- explores the periodic, acute stressors that happen in all families
oFamily developmental theory- focuses on the systemic and patterned changes
experienced by families as they move through their life course. The term family used
here represents a social group containing at least one parent/ child relationship. EX-
life cycles stages such as marriage, families with children in different stages of
development, children leaving the home, leading to empty nest
oParenting Styles
Dictatorial or Authoritarian- Parents try to control the child’s behaviors and
attitudes through unquestioned rules and expectations.
Permissive- Parents exert little or no control over the child’s behaviors, and
consult the child when making decisions.
Democratic or Authoritative- Parents direct the child’s behavior by setting
rules and explaining the reason for each rule. Parents negatively reinforce
deviations from the rules.
Passive- Parents are uninvolved, indifferent, and emotionally removed.
oPhysiologic anorexia- is the decreased nutritional need and decreased appetite. (picky,
fussy eaters)
oFood jag- is when a child will only eat one food item, or a very small group of food
items, meal after meal. Some other common childhood eating behaviors that can
concern parents include fear of new foods and refusal to eat what is served
oPseudohypertrophy- Enlargement at the site of an organ or part resulting from an increase
in size or number of a separate tissue.
oDermatitis- is a common condition that has many causes and occurs in many forms. It
usually involves itchy, dry skin or a rash on swollen, reddened skin. Or it may cause the
skin to blister, ooze, crust or flake off
oImpetigo- s a common and highly contagious skin infection that mainly affects infants
and children. Impetigo usually appears as red sores on the face, especially around a
child's nose and mouth, and on hands and feet. The sores burst and develop honey-
colored crusts.
, oFolliculitis- is a common skin condition in which hair follicles become inflamed. It's
usually caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. At first it may look like small red bumps
or white-headed pimples around hair follicles — the tiny pockets from which each hair
grows.
oCellulitis- is a common and sometimes painful bacterial skin infection. It may first appear
as a red, swollen area that feels hot and tender to the touch. The redness and swelling can
spread quickly. It most often affects the skin of the lower legs, although the infection can
occur anywhere on a person's body or face.
oUnderstanding G& D
oPiaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Preoperational (2- 6 years)
Concrete Operations (7-12 years)
Formal Operations (12- adult)
oErikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identify vs. Role Confusion
oFine/ Gross Motor Skills for all age groups
oAppropriate Pain Scales
oHearing/ Visual Assessment & deficits
Respiratory
oUpper Airway Disorders- illnesses causing inflammation and swelling of epiglottis
and larynx.
Croup Syndromes
oEpiglottis
oLaryngotracheobronchitis
oBacterial Tracheitis
oLower Airway Disorders- A lower respiratory tract infection can affect the airways,
such as with bronchitis, or the air sacs at the end of the airways, as in the case of
pneumonia.
oBronchitis
oBronchiolitis
oPneumonia
oTuberculosis
oBronchopulmonary Dysplasia- RF, respiratory distress syndrome; few, large
alveoli, poor gas exchange
oNeed for oxygen for 28+ days after premature birth.
oDistress with regular activity
oNeed CPT, ventilatory support, increased caloric need for adequate weight
gain.
oAssess and manage episodes, monitor infant development, promote nutrition
intake and weight gain, prevent infection/preventable complications, closely
monitor ABCs, education and support
, oRespiratory Failure- is a condition in which your blood does not have enough O2 or
has to much CO2 and your lungs cannot easily move oxygen into your blood or
remove CO2.
oChildren compensate longer and may not appear outwardly
symptomatic; they also decline faster
oHypoxemia
oCompensation with increased respiratory effort
oHypercapnia
oRespiratory monitoring
oForeign Body Aspiration- Object lodged in respiratory tract causing obstruction and
respiratory distress.
oGoal is to stabilize child and prevent any further respiratory complications
oEducate on prevention from reoccurrence
oSIDS- is the unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby
less than a year old. SIDS is sometimes known as crib death because the infants often
die in their cribs.
oEducation about Back to Sleep Campaign
oRemoving soft bedding, bumpers
oPacifier use linked to decreased incidences
Mental Health and Cognitive Dysfunction
oAutism- Impairment in socialization, communication, behavior
oFlat affect, emotional lability
oSelf-stimulating and self-destructive behaviors
oCommunication difficulty/delay
oMaximize child’s ability to improve skills and behaviors
oTherapies based on severity of spectrum and functionality
oADHD/ADD- Disorder that makes it difficult for a person to pay attention and
control impulse behaviors.
oDecreased attention span
oImpulsivity, increased motor activity
oDevelopmental learning disabilities
oDifficulty completing tasks
oFidgets
oLoud, interrupts others
oDifficulty developing/maintaining relationships
oModify environment to decrease stimulation
oTherapeutic approaches, behavior therapies
oDecrease screen time, distractions
oClassroom placement
oConsistent limits, clear expectations, structure
Vaccinations- Know the schedule
Cardiac Dysfunction/anomalies
oIncreased Pulmonary Blood Flow- Higher pressures on LEFT side of heart,
more blood to is going to the lungs, increased pulmonary vascular resistance,
right ventricular hypertrophy occurs- Blood is shunting LEFT TO RIGHT
oPatent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
oAtrial Septal Defect (ASD)
oVentricular Septal Defect (VAD)
Clinical Manifestations
