NURS6501 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | GRADE A+
1. A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) shows a change in the
cellular lining of the esophagus from squamous to columnar epithelium. This process is best
described as:
A. Dysplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often as a response to chronic irritation like acid reflux in Barrett’s esophagus.
2. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the cellular swelling seen during hypoxic
injury?
A. Failure of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
B. Increase in ATP production
,C. Decrease in intracellular osmotic pressure
D. Activation of mitochondrial apaf-1
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to ATP depletion, causing the Na+/K+ pump to
fail. Sodium enters the cell, and water follows by osmosis, causing swelling (oncosis).
3. A patient presents with a potassium level of 6.5 mEq/L. Which EKG change is most
characteristic of this condition?
A. Prominent U waves
B. Prolonged PR interval
C. ST-segment depression
D. Tall, peaked T waves
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hyperkalemia decreases the resting membrane potential and
shortens the repolarization time, leading to narrow, peaked T waves.
4. A child is diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis. Both parents are asymptomatic carriers. What is
the probability that their next child will have the disease?
A. 100%
B. 50%
C. 75%
, D. 25%
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. If both
parents are carriers (Aa), there is a 25% chance of an affected offspring (aa).
5. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by the formation of antigen-antibody
complexes that are deposited in vessel walls or extravascular tissues?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type IV
D. Type III
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complex-mediated
tissue injury, such as in systemic lupus erythematosus or serum sickness.
6. The activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) results in which of the
following physiological responses?
A. Vasodilation and sodium excretion
B. Inhibition of ADH secretion
C. Decreased blood pressure and fluid loss
D. Vasoconstriction and sodium retention
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | GRADE A+
1. A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) shows a change in the
cellular lining of the esophagus from squamous to columnar epithelium. This process is best
described as:
A. Dysplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often as a response to chronic irritation like acid reflux in Barrett’s esophagus.
2. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the cellular swelling seen during hypoxic
injury?
A. Failure of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
B. Increase in ATP production
,C. Decrease in intracellular osmotic pressure
D. Activation of mitochondrial apaf-1
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to ATP depletion, causing the Na+/K+ pump to
fail. Sodium enters the cell, and water follows by osmosis, causing swelling (oncosis).
3. A patient presents with a potassium level of 6.5 mEq/L. Which EKG change is most
characteristic of this condition?
A. Prominent U waves
B. Prolonged PR interval
C. ST-segment depression
D. Tall, peaked T waves
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hyperkalemia decreases the resting membrane potential and
shortens the repolarization time, leading to narrow, peaked T waves.
4. A child is diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis. Both parents are asymptomatic carriers. What is
the probability that their next child will have the disease?
A. 100%
B. 50%
C. 75%
, D. 25%
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. If both
parents are carriers (Aa), there is a 25% chance of an affected offspring (aa).
5. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by the formation of antigen-antibody
complexes that are deposited in vessel walls or extravascular tissues?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type IV
D. Type III
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complex-mediated
tissue injury, such as in systemic lupus erythematosus or serum sickness.
6. The activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) results in which of the
following physiological responses?
A. Vasodilation and sodium excretion
B. Inhibition of ADH secretion
C. Decreased blood pressure and fluid loss
D. Vasoconstriction and sodium retention
