NURS6501 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | GRADE A+
1. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury resulting from hypoxia?
A. Increased intracellular pH
B. Stimulation of protein synthesis
C. Decreased intracellular calcium concentration
D. Decreased ATP production leading to failure of the sodium-potassium pump
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to reduced aerobic metabolism and ATP
depletion. The lack of ATP causes the failure of the Na+/K+ pump, leading to intracellular
sodium accumulation and cellular swelling.
2. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often due to chronic irritation?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
,D. Dysplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, such as the change from ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous
epithelium in smokers.
3. A patient is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. Which of the following karyotypes is
most likely associated with this condition?
A. 45, X
B. 47, XXX
C. 47, XYY
D. 47, XXY
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by the presence of at least
two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome, typically 47, XXY.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to result in a decrease in the resting membrane
potential, making cells less excitable?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypokalemia
, D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Hypokalemia increases the concentration gradient for
potassium, causing it to leave the cell, resulting in hyperpolarization and reduced
excitability.
5. What is the primary role of the p53 protein in the cell cycle?
A. Promoting angiogenesis
B. Stimulating cell growth and division
C. Acting as a tumor suppressor by initiating DNA repair or apoptosis
D. Increasing the rate of glycolytic metabolism
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The p53 protein is a tumor suppressor that monitors DNA
integrity; it can halt the cell cycle for repair or trigger apoptosis if damage is irreparable.
6. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE and involves the release of
histamine from mast cells?
A. Type III
B. Type II
C. Type I
D. Type IV
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | GRADE A+
1. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury resulting from hypoxia?
A. Increased intracellular pH
B. Stimulation of protein synthesis
C. Decreased intracellular calcium concentration
D. Decreased ATP production leading to failure of the sodium-potassium pump
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to reduced aerobic metabolism and ATP
depletion. The lack of ATP causes the failure of the Na+/K+ pump, leading to intracellular
sodium accumulation and cellular swelling.
2. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often due to chronic irritation?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
,D. Dysplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, such as the change from ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous
epithelium in smokers.
3. A patient is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. Which of the following karyotypes is
most likely associated with this condition?
A. 45, X
B. 47, XXX
C. 47, XYY
D. 47, XXY
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by the presence of at least
two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome, typically 47, XXY.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to result in a decrease in the resting membrane
potential, making cells less excitable?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypokalemia
, D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Hypokalemia increases the concentration gradient for
potassium, causing it to leave the cell, resulting in hyperpolarization and reduced
excitability.
5. What is the primary role of the p53 protein in the cell cycle?
A. Promoting angiogenesis
B. Stimulating cell growth and division
C. Acting as a tumor suppressor by initiating DNA repair or apoptosis
D. Increasing the rate of glycolytic metabolism
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The p53 protein is a tumor suppressor that monitors DNA
integrity; it can halt the cell cycle for repair or trigger apoptosis if damage is irreparable.
6. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE and involves the release of
histamine from mast cells?
A. Type III
B. Type II
C. Type I
D. Type IV
