NR507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | GRADE A+
1. A 55-year-old male smoker presents with a bronchial biopsy showing replacement of
normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Which cellular
adaptation is this?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often as a response to chronic irritation like smoking.
2. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the cellular swelling seen during hypoxic
injury?
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Activation of lysosomal enzymes
,C. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
D. Release of calcium from the mitochondria
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to ATP depletion, causing the Na+/K+ pump to
fail. Sodium enters the cell, and water follows by osmosis, resulting in cellular swelling.
3. Which process involves the programmed cell death that is characterized by the shrinking of
the nucleus and the preservation of the plasma membrane?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Autophagy
D. Coagulative necrosis
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is an active, programmed process of cellular self-
destruction that avoids the inflammatory response associated with necrosis.
4. In a patient with Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY), which genetic mechanism is usually
responsible for the extra chromosome?
A. Translocation
B. Nondisjunction
C. Inversion
, D. Deletion
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or
sister chromatids to separate normally during meiosis or mitosis, leading to aneuploidy.
5. Which epigenetic modification involves the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine base,
typically leading to gene silencing?
A. DNA methylation
B. Histone acetylation
C. Chromatin remodeling
D. RNA interference
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation involves adding a methyl group to a cytosine-
guanine (CpG) island, which typically silences gene expression.
6. A patient presents with generalized edema. Which force is most likely increased, leading to
this fluid shift into the interstitial space?
A. Plasma oncotic pressure
B. Intracellular osmotic pressure
C. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
D. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | GRADE A+
1. A 55-year-old male smoker presents with a bronchial biopsy showing replacement of
normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Which cellular
adaptation is this?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often as a response to chronic irritation like smoking.
2. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the cellular swelling seen during hypoxic
injury?
A. Increased protein synthesis
B. Activation of lysosomal enzymes
,C. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
D. Release of calcium from the mitochondria
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to ATP depletion, causing the Na+/K+ pump to
fail. Sodium enters the cell, and water follows by osmosis, resulting in cellular swelling.
3. Which process involves the programmed cell death that is characterized by the shrinking of
the nucleus and the preservation of the plasma membrane?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Autophagy
D. Coagulative necrosis
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Apoptosis is an active, programmed process of cellular self-
destruction that avoids the inflammatory response associated with necrosis.
4. In a patient with Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY), which genetic mechanism is usually
responsible for the extra chromosome?
A. Translocation
B. Nondisjunction
C. Inversion
, D. Deletion
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or
sister chromatids to separate normally during meiosis or mitosis, leading to aneuploidy.
5. Which epigenetic modification involves the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine base,
typically leading to gene silencing?
A. DNA methylation
B. Histone acetylation
C. Chromatin remodeling
D. RNA interference
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation involves adding a methyl group to a cytosine-
guanine (CpG) island, which typically silences gene expression.
6. A patient presents with generalized edema. Which force is most likely increased, leading to
this fluid shift into the interstitial space?
A. Plasma oncotic pressure
B. Intracellular osmotic pressure
C. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
D. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
