PSYCH 2210 EXAM 1 VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Dualism - Answers - The belief that the mind has an immaterial aspect that is
separate/distinct from the material body and brain. Prompted by Descartes.
Franz Gall; Phrenology - Answers - The belief that bumps on the skull reflect
enlargements of brain regions responsible for certain behavioral faculties.
Aristotle - Answers - Thought the brain was like a cooling system for hot blood from the
heart.
Hippocrates - Answers - Ascribed emotion, perception, and thought to the functioning of
the brain. He based on observation and was empirical.
Galen - Answers - The "father of Medicine" studied observation in gladiators and
correlated brain with thought process.
Thomas Willis - Answers - The notion that the brain coordinates and controls behavior.
Father of Neuroscience
DaVinci - Answers - Painter and scientist that produced neuroanatomical illustrations of
nerves and brain structures.
Brodmann's Area - Answers - Cytoarchitecture (what cells look like in particular areas)
Broca's Area - Answers - Located in the left frontal lobe. Responsible for language
production.
Phantom Limb - Answers - The sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still
attached to the body and is moving appropriately with other body parts. Ramachandran
theorized that these sensations could be due to the recognition of the somatosensory
cortex (postcentral gyrus), and which receives input from the limbs and the body,
basically stroking different parts of the face led to perceptions of being touched on
different parts of the missing limb.
Somatic intervention - Answers - An approach to finding relations between body
variables and behavioral variables that involves manipulating body structure or function
and looking for resultant changes in behavior. Examples: inject with hormones,
electrodes, drugs, cutting different parts of brain.
Behavioral Intervention - Answers - An approach to finding relations between body
variables and behavioral variables that involves intervening in the behavior of an
organism and looking for resultant changes in body structure or function. Example:
, subject look at image or stimulus, female next to male, altering the environment, giving
them a task to learn.
Independent Variable - Answers - The factor that is manipulated by an experimenter.
Dependent Variable - Answers - The factor that an experimenter measures to monitor a
change in response to changes in an independent variable.
Within-Subject Design - Answers - An experiment in which the same set of subjects is
compared before and after an experimental manipulation. The subjects thus serve as
their own controls.
Between-Subject Design - Answers - An experiment in which a group of experimental
subjects is compared with a control group of individuals who have been treated
identically in every way except that they haven't received the experimental manipulation.
*2 different subject groups
Control Group - Answers - A group of research subjects that are identical to an
experimental (or test) group in every way except that they do not receive the
experimental treatment or manipulation. The experiment group is then compared to the
control group to assess the effect of the treatment.
Correlation - Answers - The covariation if two measures, observing NOT manipulating.
Positive Correlation - Answers - A covariation of two measures in which they both
usually increase together, or decrease together.
Negative Correlation - Answers - A covariation of two measures in which one of the two
usually goes up when the other goes down (an vice versa).
Reductionism - Answers - The scientific strategy of breaking a system down into
increasingly smaller parts in order to understand it.
Levels of Analysis - Answers - The scope of experimental approaches. A scientist may
try to understand behavior by monitoring molecules, nerve cells, brain regions, or social
environments, or using some combination.
Neuroplasticity - Answers - Physical change in the brain in response to experience or
learning; experience can alter size of brain regions or connections.
Gray Matter - Answers - Areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are
devoid of myelin. Mostly receives and processes info.
White Matter - Answers - A lighter-colored layer of tissue, consisting mostly of myelin-
sheathed axons, that lies underneath the gray matter of the cortex. White matter mostly
transmits the info.
Dualism - Answers - The belief that the mind has an immaterial aspect that is
separate/distinct from the material body and brain. Prompted by Descartes.
Franz Gall; Phrenology - Answers - The belief that bumps on the skull reflect
enlargements of brain regions responsible for certain behavioral faculties.
Aristotle - Answers - Thought the brain was like a cooling system for hot blood from the
heart.
Hippocrates - Answers - Ascribed emotion, perception, and thought to the functioning of
the brain. He based on observation and was empirical.
Galen - Answers - The "father of Medicine" studied observation in gladiators and
correlated brain with thought process.
Thomas Willis - Answers - The notion that the brain coordinates and controls behavior.
Father of Neuroscience
DaVinci - Answers - Painter and scientist that produced neuroanatomical illustrations of
nerves and brain structures.
Brodmann's Area - Answers - Cytoarchitecture (what cells look like in particular areas)
Broca's Area - Answers - Located in the left frontal lobe. Responsible for language
production.
Phantom Limb - Answers - The sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still
attached to the body and is moving appropriately with other body parts. Ramachandran
theorized that these sensations could be due to the recognition of the somatosensory
cortex (postcentral gyrus), and which receives input from the limbs and the body,
basically stroking different parts of the face led to perceptions of being touched on
different parts of the missing limb.
Somatic intervention - Answers - An approach to finding relations between body
variables and behavioral variables that involves manipulating body structure or function
and looking for resultant changes in behavior. Examples: inject with hormones,
electrodes, drugs, cutting different parts of brain.
Behavioral Intervention - Answers - An approach to finding relations between body
variables and behavioral variables that involves intervening in the behavior of an
organism and looking for resultant changes in body structure or function. Example:
, subject look at image or stimulus, female next to male, altering the environment, giving
them a task to learn.
Independent Variable - Answers - The factor that is manipulated by an experimenter.
Dependent Variable - Answers - The factor that an experimenter measures to monitor a
change in response to changes in an independent variable.
Within-Subject Design - Answers - An experiment in which the same set of subjects is
compared before and after an experimental manipulation. The subjects thus serve as
their own controls.
Between-Subject Design - Answers - An experiment in which a group of experimental
subjects is compared with a control group of individuals who have been treated
identically in every way except that they haven't received the experimental manipulation.
*2 different subject groups
Control Group - Answers - A group of research subjects that are identical to an
experimental (or test) group in every way except that they do not receive the
experimental treatment or manipulation. The experiment group is then compared to the
control group to assess the effect of the treatment.
Correlation - Answers - The covariation if two measures, observing NOT manipulating.
Positive Correlation - Answers - A covariation of two measures in which they both
usually increase together, or decrease together.
Negative Correlation - Answers - A covariation of two measures in which one of the two
usually goes up when the other goes down (an vice versa).
Reductionism - Answers - The scientific strategy of breaking a system down into
increasingly smaller parts in order to understand it.
Levels of Analysis - Answers - The scope of experimental approaches. A scientist may
try to understand behavior by monitoring molecules, nerve cells, brain regions, or social
environments, or using some combination.
Neuroplasticity - Answers - Physical change in the brain in response to experience or
learning; experience can alter size of brain regions or connections.
Gray Matter - Answers - Areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are
devoid of myelin. Mostly receives and processes info.
White Matter - Answers - A lighter-colored layer of tissue, consisting mostly of myelin-
sheathed axons, that lies underneath the gray matter of the cortex. White matter mostly
transmits the info.
