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Summary Computer Networks - Complete Study Guide

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An original study guide covering computer networks: OSI and TCP/IP models, TCP vs UDP, IP addressing and subnetting, routing, DNS, HTTP and network security. Includes worked subnetting examples, tables and practice questions. Ideal for networking exams.

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Computer Networks - Complete
Study Guide
OSI model, TCP/IP, IP addressing, routing, DNS, HTTP and network security -
exam-ready




Complete Study Guide | Key Concepts | Examples | Practice Questions

, 1. Network Models: OSI and TCP/IP

Networking models divide communication into layers. The OSI model has 7 layers; the practical TCP/IP model has
4. Exams love asking which protocol lives at which layer.

OSI Layer Function Examples

7 Application User services HTTP, DNS, FTP, SMTP

4 Transport End-to-end delivery TCP, UDP

3 Network Routing, addressing IP, ICMP, routers

2 Data Link Framing, MAC Ethernet, switches

1 Physical Bits on wire Cables, hubs


- Mnemonic for OSI order: All People Seem To Need Data Processing (7 to 1).
- Encapsulation: each layer adds its header (segment -> packet -> frame).
- TCP/IP layers: Application, Transport, Internet, Network Access.
- A router works at layer 3; a switch at layer 2; a hub at layer 1.




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October 2, 2026
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