Study Guide
OSI model, TCP/IP, IP addressing, routing, DNS, HTTP and network security -
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Complete Study Guide | Key Concepts | Examples | Practice Questions
, 1. Network Models: OSI and TCP/IP
Networking models divide communication into layers. The OSI model has 7 layers; the practical TCP/IP model has
4. Exams love asking which protocol lives at which layer.
OSI Layer Function Examples
7 Application User services HTTP, DNS, FTP, SMTP
4 Transport End-to-end delivery TCP, UDP
3 Network Routing, addressing IP, ICMP, routers
2 Data Link Framing, MAC Ethernet, switches
1 Physical Bits on wire Cables, hubs
- Mnemonic for OSI order: All People Seem To Need Data Processing (7 to 1).
- Encapsulation: each layer adds its header (segment -> packet -> frame).
- TCP/IP layers: Application, Transport, Internet, Network Access.
- A router works at layer 3; a switch at layer 2; a hub at layer 1.
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