HYPERTENSION AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS STUDY GUIDE
●● What is the difference between primary and secondary hypertension?
Answer: Primary hypertension has no known cause (90% of cases),
while secondary hypertension occurs due to another disorder.
●● What are the major risk factors associated with hypertension?
Answer: Cigarette smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, dyslipidemia,
diabetes mellitus, microalbuminuria, age >55 for men and >65 for
women, and family history of premature cardiovascular disease.
●● What is classified as normal blood pressure for adults?
Answer: Systolic <120 and diastolic <80.
●● What is the blood pressure range for Stage 1 hypertension?
Answer: Systolic 130-139 and diastolic 80-89.
●● What are some identifiable causes of hypertension?
Answer: Sleep apnea, drug-induced causes, chronic kidney disease,
primary aldosteronism, renovascular disease, chronic steroid therapy,
,Cushing syndrome, pheochromocytoma, coarctation of the aorta, thyroid
or parathyroid disease.
●● What lifestyle modifications can help manage hypertension?
Answer: Weight reduction, adopting a healthy eating plan, dietary
sodium reduction, physical activity, and moderation in alcohol
consumption.
●● What dietary plan is recommended for managing hypertension?
Answer: The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet.
●● What are the classes of drugs used to treat hypertension?
Answer: Alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs,
calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and direct vasodilators.
●● What is the recommended treatment for patients with high blood
pressure and heart failure?
Answer: ACE inhibitors or ARBs.
●● What nursing assessments should be performed for patients with
hypertension?
Answer: History of risk factors, dietary habits, elevated serum lipids,
renal function, medication history, and physical assessments including
blood pressure measurements.
, ●● What should be included in patient education for those diagnosed
with hypertension?
Answer: Baseline studies, nutritional status, stress management,
exercise, blood pressure monitoring, and medication regimen.
●● What is the significance of obtaining multiple blood pressure
measurements?
Answer: To ensure accurate assessment, the individual should be seated
quietly for at least 5 minutes.
●● What is a common side effect of antihypertensive medication?
Answer: Drowsiness may occur within the first 2 weeks.
●● What precautions should patients take regarding orthostatic
hypotension?
Answer: Patients should be educated on the risk of dizziness when
standing up quickly.
●● What is the initial recommendation for a patient diagnosed with
hypertension?
Answer: Lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise.
●● What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS STUDY GUIDE
●● What is the difference between primary and secondary hypertension?
Answer: Primary hypertension has no known cause (90% of cases),
while secondary hypertension occurs due to another disorder.
●● What are the major risk factors associated with hypertension?
Answer: Cigarette smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, dyslipidemia,
diabetes mellitus, microalbuminuria, age >55 for men and >65 for
women, and family history of premature cardiovascular disease.
●● What is classified as normal blood pressure for adults?
Answer: Systolic <120 and diastolic <80.
●● What is the blood pressure range for Stage 1 hypertension?
Answer: Systolic 130-139 and diastolic 80-89.
●● What are some identifiable causes of hypertension?
Answer: Sleep apnea, drug-induced causes, chronic kidney disease,
primary aldosteronism, renovascular disease, chronic steroid therapy,
,Cushing syndrome, pheochromocytoma, coarctation of the aorta, thyroid
or parathyroid disease.
●● What lifestyle modifications can help manage hypertension?
Answer: Weight reduction, adopting a healthy eating plan, dietary
sodium reduction, physical activity, and moderation in alcohol
consumption.
●● What dietary plan is recommended for managing hypertension?
Answer: The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet.
●● What are the classes of drugs used to treat hypertension?
Answer: Alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs,
calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and direct vasodilators.
●● What is the recommended treatment for patients with high blood
pressure and heart failure?
Answer: ACE inhibitors or ARBs.
●● What nursing assessments should be performed for patients with
hypertension?
Answer: History of risk factors, dietary habits, elevated serum lipids,
renal function, medication history, and physical assessments including
blood pressure measurements.
, ●● What should be included in patient education for those diagnosed
with hypertension?
Answer: Baseline studies, nutritional status, stress management,
exercise, blood pressure monitoring, and medication regimen.
●● What is the significance of obtaining multiple blood pressure
measurements?
Answer: To ensure accurate assessment, the individual should be seated
quietly for at least 5 minutes.
●● What is a common side effect of antihypertensive medication?
Answer: Drowsiness may occur within the first 2 weeks.
●● What precautions should patients take regarding orthostatic
hypotension?
Answer: Patients should be educated on the risk of dizziness when
standing up quickly.
●● What is the initial recommendation for a patient diagnosed with
hypertension?
Answer: Lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise.
●● What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
