How would you classify a prokaryote that lives in hot springs that have a low pH?
● Thermoacidophile
Kingdom Bacteria can be subdivided into 2 separate groups based on the reaction w/ gram
stain. The diff in this reactive relates to a difference the
● Cell wall structure
Of the events listed here, which comes the latest in ciliate reproduction? Note: not all events in
the reproduction are listed.
● Mitosis of micronuclei
One thing that E. coli and other prokaryotes have in common w/ all eukaryotes is the presence
of:
● Ribosomes
The _________ perform photosynthesis, have chlorophyll, and produce oxygen as a by-product.
● Cyanobacteria
Chemoautotrophs use ______ as an energy source and _____ as a carbon source.
● Inorganic compounds; CO2
Which of the following is eukaryotic, can act as a producer (photosynthetic) in its ecosystem,
and spins via its flagella?
● Dinoflagellate
Which of the following is not a member of the Stramenopiles?
● Euglena
__________ have beautiful glass-like shells
● Diatoms
Trypanosoma causes
● Sleeping sickness
The __________ are parasitic and infect w/ special cells called sporozoites.
● Apicomplexans
Which of the following is most associated w/ plant-like protists?
● Grow in the photic zone
What subgroup of protists swims w/ one flagellum, are mainly photosynthetic and are common
pond dwellers?
● Euglenids
One characteristic that taxonomists use to distinguish protists from fungi is the presence of a
nucleus
● False
The term plasmodium can refer to a genus of parasitic protist or a structure of an acellular slime
mold
● True
, Bacteria & archaea: first on earth 3.5 billion ya; unicellular, no membrane-bound organelles,
circular chromosomes
Prokaryotes- range in size from 0.5-5.0 micrometers in diameter
● Spherical, rod-shaped, spiral
One main distinction btw bacteria and archaea is the type of a semi-rigid permeable cell wall
● Bacteria- peptidoglycan (polymer, modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides)
6 million species of prokaryotes (10K in lab)
Cell wall of a bacterium gives characteristic shapes
● Cocci- sphere
● Bacilli- rod, pill
● Spirilla- spiral
Gram stain- bacteria cell wall test (named for Hans Christian Gram, a Danish physician)
● Positive- cell wall exposed to environment (are stained)
● Negative- still have cell wall, but extra outer membrane (not stained)
Flagella- long cellular appendages specialized for locomotion; differ in both structure and
function in pro/eukaryotes
“Axle-and-wheel” arrangement in bacteria which allows the flagellum to rotate like a propellor
Taxis- movement toward or away from a stimulus in heterogeneous environment; sensors in cell
membrane
● Toward, positive
● Away, negative
Three main types of taxis seen in prokaryotes:
1. Chemotaxis- chemical
2. Phototaxis- light
3. Magnetotaxis- magnetic field
Capsules or slime layers- polysaccharides and/or proteins; attach the prokaryote to a surface;
protective covering
● Capsules- more organized, defined shape
● Slime layers- poorly organized, amorphous shape
Fimbriae- short hair-like appendages of a prokaryote that help the cell adhere to something
Aerobic prokaryote- respiratory membrane
Photosynthetic prokaryote- thylakoid membrane
Prokaryotic chromosome- circular, located in nucleoid region; plasmid (smaller circular DNA
rings)
Some bacteria, especially the bacilli, can form a protective endospore (thick-coated, resistant
structures produced within bacterial cells that have been exposed to harsh conditions)
● Resistant to dehydration, extreme temps, and most poisons
● Persist until conditions are favorable and then develop into a bacterium
Many diff energy sources to occupy diff ecological niches:
● Chemoautotrophs- inorganic chemicals
● Photoautotrophs- sunlight
● Heterotrophic- organic food source
● Thermoacidophile
Kingdom Bacteria can be subdivided into 2 separate groups based on the reaction w/ gram
stain. The diff in this reactive relates to a difference the
● Cell wall structure
Of the events listed here, which comes the latest in ciliate reproduction? Note: not all events in
the reproduction are listed.
● Mitosis of micronuclei
One thing that E. coli and other prokaryotes have in common w/ all eukaryotes is the presence
of:
● Ribosomes
The _________ perform photosynthesis, have chlorophyll, and produce oxygen as a by-product.
● Cyanobacteria
Chemoautotrophs use ______ as an energy source and _____ as a carbon source.
● Inorganic compounds; CO2
Which of the following is eukaryotic, can act as a producer (photosynthetic) in its ecosystem,
and spins via its flagella?
● Dinoflagellate
Which of the following is not a member of the Stramenopiles?
● Euglena
__________ have beautiful glass-like shells
● Diatoms
Trypanosoma causes
● Sleeping sickness
The __________ are parasitic and infect w/ special cells called sporozoites.
● Apicomplexans
Which of the following is most associated w/ plant-like protists?
● Grow in the photic zone
What subgroup of protists swims w/ one flagellum, are mainly photosynthetic and are common
pond dwellers?
● Euglenids
One characteristic that taxonomists use to distinguish protists from fungi is the presence of a
nucleus
● False
The term plasmodium can refer to a genus of parasitic protist or a structure of an acellular slime
mold
● True
, Bacteria & archaea: first on earth 3.5 billion ya; unicellular, no membrane-bound organelles,
circular chromosomes
Prokaryotes- range in size from 0.5-5.0 micrometers in diameter
● Spherical, rod-shaped, spiral
One main distinction btw bacteria and archaea is the type of a semi-rigid permeable cell wall
● Bacteria- peptidoglycan (polymer, modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides)
6 million species of prokaryotes (10K in lab)
Cell wall of a bacterium gives characteristic shapes
● Cocci- sphere
● Bacilli- rod, pill
● Spirilla- spiral
Gram stain- bacteria cell wall test (named for Hans Christian Gram, a Danish physician)
● Positive- cell wall exposed to environment (are stained)
● Negative- still have cell wall, but extra outer membrane (not stained)
Flagella- long cellular appendages specialized for locomotion; differ in both structure and
function in pro/eukaryotes
“Axle-and-wheel” arrangement in bacteria which allows the flagellum to rotate like a propellor
Taxis- movement toward or away from a stimulus in heterogeneous environment; sensors in cell
membrane
● Toward, positive
● Away, negative
Three main types of taxis seen in prokaryotes:
1. Chemotaxis- chemical
2. Phototaxis- light
3. Magnetotaxis- magnetic field
Capsules or slime layers- polysaccharides and/or proteins; attach the prokaryote to a surface;
protective covering
● Capsules- more organized, defined shape
● Slime layers- poorly organized, amorphous shape
Fimbriae- short hair-like appendages of a prokaryote that help the cell adhere to something
Aerobic prokaryote- respiratory membrane
Photosynthetic prokaryote- thylakoid membrane
Prokaryotic chromosome- circular, located in nucleoid region; plasmid (smaller circular DNA
rings)
Some bacteria, especially the bacilli, can form a protective endospore (thick-coated, resistant
structures produced within bacterial cells that have been exposed to harsh conditions)
● Resistant to dehydration, extreme temps, and most poisons
● Persist until conditions are favorable and then develop into a bacterium
Many diff energy sources to occupy diff ecological niches:
● Chemoautotrophs- inorganic chemicals
● Photoautotrophs- sunlight
● Heterotrophic- organic food source
