WGU ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE, EXAM
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[EXAM• STUDY GUIDE • SUMMARY • ASSIGNMENT]
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,Alzheimer's Disease Cognition: the ability to think, learn, and remember
Cognitive health continuum: "optimal functioning" to serve disability
Linked to brain health
Cognitive Aging The slowing of the speed of processing, making decisions, and trouble remembering
Normal part of aging
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) Difficulty with cognitive processes
Not severe enough to interfere with daily life
Increased risk of AD or dementia
May be caused by external factors (Vit B12 or depression)
Cognitive Impairment Difficulty with cognitive processes that affect everyday life
Spans a wide range of functioning
Can occur as a result of AD, stroke, TBI
Dementia Decline in mental ability is severe enough to interfere with daily life
Not a specific disease (many types of dementia)
Not normal aging
Caused by damage to brain cells from disease or trauma
Many dementias are progressive
Types of Dementia AD (most common)
Vascular dementia (most common)
Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Mixed dementia (combination of many dementia)
Parkinson's disease
Frontotemporal dementia
Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Huntington's Disease
Wernike-Kosakoff Syndrome
Vascular Dementia 2nd most common cause of dementia
20-30% of cases
Caused by conditions that block or reduce blood flow to the brain
Symptoms may occur suddenly following strokes or slowly as a result of cumulative
damage
,AD Most common type of dementia
60-80% of cases
Progressive - symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years
The brain shrinks dramatically
Nerve cell death
Tissue loss
Cardinal signs in a brain bx are plaque and tangles
Causes of AD Precise changes in the brain are largely unknown
Probably develops as a result of complex interactions among
Age
Genetics
Environment
Lifestyle
Coexisting medical conditions
Younger-onset AD Affects people younger than 65
Many are in their 40's 50s
200,00 have a younger onset in the US
4% of the population with AD
10 warning signs of AD Memory loss that disrupts daily life
Challenges in planning or solving problems
Difficulty completing familiar tasks
Confusion with time or place
Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships
New problems with words in speaking or writing
Misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps
Decreased or poor judgment
Withdrawal from work or social activities
Changes in mood and personality
Stages of AD Average lifespan: 4-8 years
Diagnosis for as long as 20 years
Progresses slowly in three stages
Mild (early-stage)
Moderate (middle -stage)
Severe (late-stage)
, Mild AD (early stage) Able to function independently
Common difficulties
Forgetting familiar words
Losing everyday objects
Trouble remembering names
Greater difficulty performing tasks
Forgetting material just read
Increasing trouble with planning, organizing
Moderate AD (middle-stage) Requires increasing care
Symptoms include
Forgetfulness or personal history
Confusion about time or place
Need for help with bathing, toileting, dressing
Changes in sleep patterns
Increased risk of wandering
Personality and behavioral changes
Severe AD (late-stage) Typically longest stage
Requires full-time care
Loss of awareness of recent experiences and surroundings
Changes in physical abilities (walking, sitting, swallowing)
Vulnerable to infections
Risk factors for AD #1 risk factor is advancing age (approximately doubles every 5 years after age 65, 1 in 3
people age > 65)
hereditary/genetics
Education, cognitive engagement
African Americans are 2 x greater risk
Hispanics 1.5 times greater risk
Cardiovascular risk factors are more common
⅔ are women
Hx of TBI
Smoking
Obesity
HTN
DM
EXAM COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE, EXAM
PREP, PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS |
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEW
MATERIALS
| GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% VERIFIED EXAM PREP
[EXAM• STUDY GUIDE • SUMMARY • ASSIGNMENT]
A clean, organized resource designed for easy revision and reference.
QUICK • CLEAR • PROFESSIONAL
,Alzheimer's Disease Cognition: the ability to think, learn, and remember
Cognitive health continuum: "optimal functioning" to serve disability
Linked to brain health
Cognitive Aging The slowing of the speed of processing, making decisions, and trouble remembering
Normal part of aging
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) Difficulty with cognitive processes
Not severe enough to interfere with daily life
Increased risk of AD or dementia
May be caused by external factors (Vit B12 or depression)
Cognitive Impairment Difficulty with cognitive processes that affect everyday life
Spans a wide range of functioning
Can occur as a result of AD, stroke, TBI
Dementia Decline in mental ability is severe enough to interfere with daily life
Not a specific disease (many types of dementia)
Not normal aging
Caused by damage to brain cells from disease or trauma
Many dementias are progressive
Types of Dementia AD (most common)
Vascular dementia (most common)
Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Mixed dementia (combination of many dementia)
Parkinson's disease
Frontotemporal dementia
Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Huntington's Disease
Wernike-Kosakoff Syndrome
Vascular Dementia 2nd most common cause of dementia
20-30% of cases
Caused by conditions that block or reduce blood flow to the brain
Symptoms may occur suddenly following strokes or slowly as a result of cumulative
damage
,AD Most common type of dementia
60-80% of cases
Progressive - symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years
The brain shrinks dramatically
Nerve cell death
Tissue loss
Cardinal signs in a brain bx are plaque and tangles
Causes of AD Precise changes in the brain are largely unknown
Probably develops as a result of complex interactions among
Age
Genetics
Environment
Lifestyle
Coexisting medical conditions
Younger-onset AD Affects people younger than 65
Many are in their 40's 50s
200,00 have a younger onset in the US
4% of the population with AD
10 warning signs of AD Memory loss that disrupts daily life
Challenges in planning or solving problems
Difficulty completing familiar tasks
Confusion with time or place
Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships
New problems with words in speaking or writing
Misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps
Decreased or poor judgment
Withdrawal from work or social activities
Changes in mood and personality
Stages of AD Average lifespan: 4-8 years
Diagnosis for as long as 20 years
Progresses slowly in three stages
Mild (early-stage)
Moderate (middle -stage)
Severe (late-stage)
, Mild AD (early stage) Able to function independently
Common difficulties
Forgetting familiar words
Losing everyday objects
Trouble remembering names
Greater difficulty performing tasks
Forgetting material just read
Increasing trouble with planning, organizing
Moderate AD (middle-stage) Requires increasing care
Symptoms include
Forgetfulness or personal history
Confusion about time or place
Need for help with bathing, toileting, dressing
Changes in sleep patterns
Increased risk of wandering
Personality and behavioral changes
Severe AD (late-stage) Typically longest stage
Requires full-time care
Loss of awareness of recent experiences and surroundings
Changes in physical abilities (walking, sitting, swallowing)
Vulnerable to infections
Risk factors for AD #1 risk factor is advancing age (approximately doubles every 5 years after age 65, 1 in 3
people age > 65)
hereditary/genetics
Education, cognitive engagement
African Americans are 2 x greater risk
Hispanics 1.5 times greater risk
Cardiovascular risk factors are more common
⅔ are women
Hx of TBI
Smoking
Obesity
HTN
DM
