CH 22
1. Historically, who and when did individuals contribute to ideas about what we know as
“evolution” today.
a. Lamarck vs. Darwin? How did their views of “evolution” differ? Lamarck emphasized the
will of animals to “get better” which would be inherited by an organism’s offspring.
Darwin believed in the random genetic changes and natural selections
b. Who contributed ideas about how living organisms came to exist on Earth before
Darwin?
2. What exactly specifically were Darwin’s contributions to the area of “evolution”
a. What were his research areas? Darwin went on a voyage on the Beagle around the
world where he collected samples and observed fossils.
b. How did his ideas differ from others?
c. What were his 3 broad observations and how do they tie to evolution? The unity of life,
The diversity of life, The ways organism are suited to life in their environments
d. How do Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, and Adaptation differ? Artificial Selection-
humans pick desirable traits. Natural Selection-nature and fitness choose desirable
traits. Adaptation-a change that makes an individual more likely to survive or reproduce
in their environment.
3. What are the key features of Natural Selection? Individuals do not evolve, populations evolve
over time. Natural Selection increases the frequency of adaptations that are favorable. Natural
Selection can only increase/decrease heritable traits that vary in a population.
4. What are the differences between Darwin’s OBSERVATIONS and INFERENCES and what were
they?
5. What is the world population now? Has it grown or shrunk in recent decades? 8.011 biollion,
increased
6. What are the four types of data document the pattern of evolution and examples of each one?
Direct observations, Homology, The fossil record, Biogeography
7. What is the difference between Anatomical and Molecular Homologies? Homology is similarity
resulting from common ancestry. Analogous is similar features in distantly related groups
a. How can they be used in studying evolution? Homology shows ancestry, analogy shows
selection processes.
a. What are vestigial structures? Structures with no function that provided a function for ancestors
b. Examples of vestigial structures in organisms? Wisdom teeth, rudimentary ear muscles,
coccygeal tail vertebrae, appendix.
8. Understand the difference between Analogous & Homologous Structures
a. Be able to compare an contrast organisms for these types of structures.
b. Explain why convergent evolution does not provide information about ancestry.
Convergent evolution does not come from ancestral relationships
9. How can Biogeography be used to help understand evolutionary events. Allows us to predict
when and where different groups evolved.
10. What does “endemic” mean? Species that are not found anywhere else in the world
CH 23
1. How does the process of Natural Selection work?
1. Historically, who and when did individuals contribute to ideas about what we know as
“evolution” today.
a. Lamarck vs. Darwin? How did their views of “evolution” differ? Lamarck emphasized the
will of animals to “get better” which would be inherited by an organism’s offspring.
Darwin believed in the random genetic changes and natural selections
b. Who contributed ideas about how living organisms came to exist on Earth before
Darwin?
2. What exactly specifically were Darwin’s contributions to the area of “evolution”
a. What were his research areas? Darwin went on a voyage on the Beagle around the
world where he collected samples and observed fossils.
b. How did his ideas differ from others?
c. What were his 3 broad observations and how do they tie to evolution? The unity of life,
The diversity of life, The ways organism are suited to life in their environments
d. How do Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, and Adaptation differ? Artificial Selection-
humans pick desirable traits. Natural Selection-nature and fitness choose desirable
traits. Adaptation-a change that makes an individual more likely to survive or reproduce
in their environment.
3. What are the key features of Natural Selection? Individuals do not evolve, populations evolve
over time. Natural Selection increases the frequency of adaptations that are favorable. Natural
Selection can only increase/decrease heritable traits that vary in a population.
4. What are the differences between Darwin’s OBSERVATIONS and INFERENCES and what were
they?
5. What is the world population now? Has it grown or shrunk in recent decades? 8.011 biollion,
increased
6. What are the four types of data document the pattern of evolution and examples of each one?
Direct observations, Homology, The fossil record, Biogeography
7. What is the difference between Anatomical and Molecular Homologies? Homology is similarity
resulting from common ancestry. Analogous is similar features in distantly related groups
a. How can they be used in studying evolution? Homology shows ancestry, analogy shows
selection processes.
a. What are vestigial structures? Structures with no function that provided a function for ancestors
b. Examples of vestigial structures in organisms? Wisdom teeth, rudimentary ear muscles,
coccygeal tail vertebrae, appendix.
8. Understand the difference between Analogous & Homologous Structures
a. Be able to compare an contrast organisms for these types of structures.
b. Explain why convergent evolution does not provide information about ancestry.
Convergent evolution does not come from ancestral relationships
9. How can Biogeography be used to help understand evolutionary events. Allows us to predict
when and where different groups evolved.
10. What does “endemic” mean? Species that are not found anywhere else in the world
CH 23
1. How does the process of Natural Selection work?
