Robbins Basic Pathology
10th Edition
Author(s)Vinay Kumar; MBBS; MD;
FRCPath; Abul K. Abbas; MBBS and
Jon C. Aster; MD; PhD
Print ISBN: 9780323353175
,Question 1
A researcher examines a cell that has been exposed to a brief period of
reduced oxygen availability. The cell remains structurally intact and
returns to normal function after oxygen is restored. Which cellular
feature is primarily responsible for maintaining the cell's ability to
survive such a reversible stress?
A. Permanent activation of apoptosis
B. Maintenance of cellular homeostasis through adaptive responses
,C. Irreversible disruption of mitochondrial membranes
D. Activation of extracellular matrix degradation
Correct Answer: B. Maintenance of cellular homeostasis through
adaptive responses
Rationale:
Cells survive mild or transient stresses by adjusting their metabolism
and function to maintain homeostasis, making the injury reversible.
Permanent apoptosis activation would promote cell death,
mitochondrial membrane disruption is associated with irreversible
injury, and extracellular matrix degradation is not the primary
mechanism maintaining intracellular homeostasis.
Question 2
A mutation occurs in a gene that normally encodes a protein
responsible for repairing damaged DNA. A patient with inherited
defects in this pathway develops multiple malignancies at an unusually
young age. Which cellular function is most directly compromised?
A. Regulation of extracellular collagen deposition
B. Maintenance of genomic integrity
C. Secretion of lysosomal enzymes
D. Assembly of plasma membrane phospholipids
Correct Answer: B. Maintenance of genomic integrity
Rationale:
DNA repair mechanisms preserve genomic integrity by correcting
potentially mutagenic DNA damage. Defects in these pathways increase
, mutation accumulation and cancer susceptibility. Collagen deposition,
lysosomal enzyme secretion, and phospholipid synthesis are not the
primary functions of DNA repair proteins.
Question 3
A biopsy from a rapidly dividing tumor shows several cells with
enlarged, irregular nuclei and increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios.
Which explanation best accounts for these changes?
A. Reduced DNA content caused by cellular aging
B. Altered regulation of the cell cycle and genomic material
C. Increased lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic proteins
D. Increased extracellular matrix synthesis
Correct Answer: B. Altered regulation of the cell cycle and genomic
material
Rationale:
Malignant cells frequently exhibit nuclear enlargement, pleomorphism,
and increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios because of abnormal
regulation of proliferation and genomic organization. Reduced DNA
content is not the typical explanation, while lysosomal degradation and
extracellular matrix synthesis do not account for the characteristic
nuclear abnormalities.
Question 4
A patient develops a genetic disorder in which a specific lysosomal
enzyme is absent. Cells accumulate undigested material within
10th Edition
Author(s)Vinay Kumar; MBBS; MD;
FRCPath; Abul K. Abbas; MBBS and
Jon C. Aster; MD; PhD
Print ISBN: 9780323353175
,Question 1
A researcher examines a cell that has been exposed to a brief period of
reduced oxygen availability. The cell remains structurally intact and
returns to normal function after oxygen is restored. Which cellular
feature is primarily responsible for maintaining the cell's ability to
survive such a reversible stress?
A. Permanent activation of apoptosis
B. Maintenance of cellular homeostasis through adaptive responses
,C. Irreversible disruption of mitochondrial membranes
D. Activation of extracellular matrix degradation
Correct Answer: B. Maintenance of cellular homeostasis through
adaptive responses
Rationale:
Cells survive mild or transient stresses by adjusting their metabolism
and function to maintain homeostasis, making the injury reversible.
Permanent apoptosis activation would promote cell death,
mitochondrial membrane disruption is associated with irreversible
injury, and extracellular matrix degradation is not the primary
mechanism maintaining intracellular homeostasis.
Question 2
A mutation occurs in a gene that normally encodes a protein
responsible for repairing damaged DNA. A patient with inherited
defects in this pathway develops multiple malignancies at an unusually
young age. Which cellular function is most directly compromised?
A. Regulation of extracellular collagen deposition
B. Maintenance of genomic integrity
C. Secretion of lysosomal enzymes
D. Assembly of plasma membrane phospholipids
Correct Answer: B. Maintenance of genomic integrity
Rationale:
DNA repair mechanisms preserve genomic integrity by correcting
potentially mutagenic DNA damage. Defects in these pathways increase
, mutation accumulation and cancer susceptibility. Collagen deposition,
lysosomal enzyme secretion, and phospholipid synthesis are not the
primary functions of DNA repair proteins.
Question 3
A biopsy from a rapidly dividing tumor shows several cells with
enlarged, irregular nuclei and increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios.
Which explanation best accounts for these changes?
A. Reduced DNA content caused by cellular aging
B. Altered regulation of the cell cycle and genomic material
C. Increased lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic proteins
D. Increased extracellular matrix synthesis
Correct Answer: B. Altered regulation of the cell cycle and genomic
material
Rationale:
Malignant cells frequently exhibit nuclear enlargement, pleomorphism,
and increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios because of abnormal
regulation of proliferation and genomic organization. Reduced DNA
content is not the typical explanation, while lysosomal degradation and
extracellular matrix synthesis do not account for the characteristic
nuclear abnormalities.
Question 4
A patient develops a genetic disorder in which a specific lysosomal
enzyme is absent. Cells accumulate undigested material within
