NUR 631 EXAM 2 COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED BY EXPERTS. 2026/2027
1. Which physiological mechanism is primarily responsible for the long-term regulation of
blood pressure by increasing blood volume?
A. Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
B. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system
C. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D. Peripheral chemoreceptor activation
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The RAAS increases blood volume through sodium and water
retention mediated by aldosterone and vasoconstriction mediated by Angiotensin II.
2. In the context of the Frank-Starling Law, what occurs when there is an increase in end-
diastolic volume (EDV)?
A. Decrease in stroke volume
B. Decrease in cardiac output
,C. Increase in myocardial contractility due to increased stretch
D. Increase in heart rate only
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The Frank-Starling Law states that the heart will eject a greater
stroke volume as the preload (EDV) increases, up to a physiological limit, due to optimal
actin-myosin overlap.
3. A patient with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) experiences alveolar collapse.
This is primarily due to the dysfunction of which cell type?
A. Type I alveolar cells
B. Type II alveolar cells
C. Alveolar macrophages
D. Goblet cells
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant, which reduces surface
tension; their damage leads to surfactant depletion and alveolar collapse.
4. Which of the following describes the shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve caused
by acidosis (low pH)?
A. Shift to the left, increasing hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
B. Shift to the right, decreasing hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
, C. Shift to the left, decreasing hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
D. Shift to the right, increasing hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Acidosis, high CO2, and high temperature cause a rightward shift
(Bohr effect), meaning hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily to tissues.
5. A patient presents with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3 of 26 mEq/L. Which
acid-base imbalance is present?
A. Respiratory acidosis
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The pH is low (acidosis) and the PaCO2 is high (respiratory
cause), while the bicarbonate is within or near normal limits, indicating respiratory
acidosis.
6. Which electrolyte abnormality is most commonly associated with the tall, peaked T-waves
on an EKG?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED BY EXPERTS. 2026/2027
1. Which physiological mechanism is primarily responsible for the long-term regulation of
blood pressure by increasing blood volume?
A. Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
B. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system
C. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D. Peripheral chemoreceptor activation
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The RAAS increases blood volume through sodium and water
retention mediated by aldosterone and vasoconstriction mediated by Angiotensin II.
2. In the context of the Frank-Starling Law, what occurs when there is an increase in end-
diastolic volume (EDV)?
A. Decrease in stroke volume
B. Decrease in cardiac output
,C. Increase in myocardial contractility due to increased stretch
D. Increase in heart rate only
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The Frank-Starling Law states that the heart will eject a greater
stroke volume as the preload (EDV) increases, up to a physiological limit, due to optimal
actin-myosin overlap.
3. A patient with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) experiences alveolar collapse.
This is primarily due to the dysfunction of which cell type?
A. Type I alveolar cells
B. Type II alveolar cells
C. Alveolar macrophages
D. Goblet cells
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant, which reduces surface
tension; their damage leads to surfactant depletion and alveolar collapse.
4. Which of the following describes the shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve caused
by acidosis (low pH)?
A. Shift to the left, increasing hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
B. Shift to the right, decreasing hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
, C. Shift to the left, decreasing hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
D. Shift to the right, increasing hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Acidosis, high CO2, and high temperature cause a rightward shift
(Bohr effect), meaning hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily to tissues.
5. A patient presents with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3 of 26 mEq/L. Which
acid-base imbalance is present?
A. Respiratory acidosis
B. Metabolic acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The pH is low (acidosis) and the PaCO2 is high (respiratory
cause), while the bicarbonate is within or near normal limits, indicating respiratory
acidosis.
6. Which electrolyte abnormality is most commonly associated with the tall, peaked T-waves
on an EKG?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
