APEA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM MASTER
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TEST BANK --- ---
Complete Questions and Correct Detailed --- --- --- --- ---
Answers | Brand New 2026/2027 Version | --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
A+ Graded ---
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SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION & INJURY (Questions 1–
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25) ---
Question 1: A patient with chronic alcoholism develops liver
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enlargement due to fat accumulation. This type of cellular
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adaptation is called: --- --- ---
• A) Hyperplasia
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• B) Metaplasia
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• C) Hypertrophy
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• D) Fatty change (steatosis)
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Answer: D – Fatty change (steatosis)
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,Rationale: Fatty change (steatosis) is the accumulation of
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triglycerides in parenchymal cells, often due to alcohol abuse,
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hypoxia, or malnutrition. It is a reversible form of cellular injury .
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Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, metaplasia is
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replacement of one differentiated cell type with another, and
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hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. None of these describe fat
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accumulation. ---
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Question 2: A smoker develops squamous metaplasia in the
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bronchial epithelium. Which statement best describes this
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change? ---
• A) Replacement of normal columnar epithelium with
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stratified squamous epithelium --- --- ---
• B) Increase in cell size
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• C) Increase in cell number
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• D) Reversible transformation to a less differentiated cell
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type ---
Answer: A – Replacement of normal columnar epithelium with
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stratified squamous epithelium
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,Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one
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differentiated cell type with another. In smokers, the normal --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
ciliated columnar epithelium of the bronchi is replaced by
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stratified squamous epithelium, which is more resistant to irritation
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but loses protective functions .
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---
Question 3: A patient with chronic hepatitis C develops liver
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cirrhosis. The cellular adaptation seen in hepatocytes during
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early injury is:
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• A) Metaplasia
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• B) Hyperplasia
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• C) Dysplasia
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• D) Hypertrophy
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Answer: B – Hyperplasia --- --- --- ---
Rationale: Hepatocytes undergo hyperplasia (increased cell
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number) in response to chronic injury; as cirrhosis advances,
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regenerative nodules form, and dysplasia may occur as a
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premalignant change . --- --- ---
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, Question 4: (Select All That Apply) Which of the following are
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characteristics of apoptosis (programmed cell death)? --- --- --- --- --- ---
• A) Cell swelling and lysis (necrosis)
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• B) Cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing
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• C) Inflammation is a prominent feature
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• D) DNA fragmentation into nucleosome-sized pieces
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• E) Caspase activation
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Answer: B, D, E – Cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing;
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DNA fragmentation into nucleosome-sized pieces; Caspase
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activation ---
Rationale: Apoptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage,
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membrane blebbing, DNA laddering (fragmentation), and
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caspase activation. Necrosis causes cell swelling, lysis, and
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inflammation . --- ---
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Question 5: A patient experiences a myocardial infarction. The
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type of necrosis seen in the heart after 24 hours is:
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• A) Coagulative necrosis
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--- --- --- ---
TEST BANK --- ---
Complete Questions and Correct Detailed --- --- --- --- ---
Answers | Brand New 2026/2027 Version | --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
A+ Graded ---
---
SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION & INJURY (Questions 1–
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
25) ---
Question 1: A patient with chronic alcoholism develops liver
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
enlargement due to fat accumulation. This type of cellular
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
adaptation is called: --- --- ---
• A) Hyperplasia
--- ---
• B) Metaplasia
--- ---
• C) Hypertrophy
--- ---
• D) Fatty change (steatosis)
--- --- --- ---
Answer: D – Fatty change (steatosis)
--- --- --- --- --- ---
,Rationale: Fatty change (steatosis) is the accumulation of
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
triglycerides in parenchymal cells, often due to alcohol abuse,
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
hypoxia, or malnutrition. It is a reversible form of cellular injury .
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, metaplasia is
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
replacement of one differentiated cell type with another, and
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. None of these describe fat
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
accumulation. ---
---
Question 2: A smoker develops squamous metaplasia in the
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
bronchial epithelium. Which statement best describes this
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
change? ---
• A) Replacement of normal columnar epithelium with
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
stratified squamous epithelium --- --- ---
• B) Increase in cell size
--- --- --- --- ---
• C) Increase in cell number
--- --- --- --- ---
• D) Reversible transformation to a less differentiated cell
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
type ---
Answer: A – Replacement of normal columnar epithelium with
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- -
stratified squamous epithelium
-- --- --- ---
,Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
differentiated cell type with another. In smokers, the normal --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
ciliated columnar epithelium of the bronchi is replaced by
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
stratified squamous epithelium, which is more resistant to irritation
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
but loses protective functions .
--- --- --- --- ---
---
Question 3: A patient with chronic hepatitis C develops liver
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
cirrhosis. The cellular adaptation seen in hepatocytes during
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
early injury is:
--- --- ---
• A) Metaplasia
--- ---
• B) Hyperplasia
--- ---
• C) Dysplasia
--- ---
• D) Hypertrophy
--- ---
Answer: B – Hyperplasia --- --- --- ---
Rationale: Hepatocytes undergo hyperplasia (increased cell
--- --- --- --- --- ---
number) in response to chronic injury; as cirrhosis advances,
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
regenerative nodules form, and dysplasia may occur as a
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
premalignant change . --- --- ---
---
, Question 4: (Select All That Apply) Which of the following are
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
characteristics of apoptosis (programmed cell death)? --- --- --- --- --- ---
• A) Cell swelling and lysis (necrosis)
--- --- --- --- --- ---
• B) Cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing
--- --- --- --- --- ---
• C) Inflammation is a prominent feature
--- --- --- --- --- ---
• D) DNA fragmentation into nucleosome-sized pieces
--- --- --- --- --- ---
• E) Caspase activation
--- --- ---
Answer: B, D, E – Cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing;
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
DNA fragmentation into nucleosome-sized pieces; Caspase
--- --- --- --- --- ---
activation ---
Rationale: Apoptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage,
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
membrane blebbing, DNA laddering (fragmentation), and
--- --- --- --- --- ---
caspase activation. Necrosis causes cell swelling, lysis, and
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
inflammation . --- ---
---
Question 5: A patient experiences a myocardial infarction. The
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
type of necrosis seen in the heart after 24 hours is:
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
• A) Coagulative necrosis
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