BSC 1011 UNIT 3 EXAM VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
Plant Architecture:
Plant needs- - Answers - collection and conversion of solar energy (leaves)
positioning and support of leaves (stems)
anchorage and absorption (roots)
transport (vascular system)
Leaf Structure - Answers - epidermis
mesophyll
vein
Epidermis contains - Answers - cuticle
guard cells with stomata
Mesophyll contains - Answers - parenchyma
dicots with palisade and spongy
Veins contain - Answers - vascular bundle
stem structure: - Answers - Epidermis
- collenchyma
- sclerenchyma (fibers and sclerids)
- vascular tissue
--- xylem and phloem
--- vascular bundles
--- procambium = vascular cambium
eudicots: - Answers - cortex and pith
monocots: - Answers - ground parenchyma
vascular tissues - Answers - responsible for moving fluids through the plant, similar to
circulatory systems of animals
xylem - Answers - cells produced from tubular structures for transporting water and
dissolved minerals from the roots to the plant.
Once tube cells are produced, they die.
maintenance = problematic
plants must replace these cells (perennials)
xylem:
-tracheids - Answers - thinner tube shaped cells with perforated endplates.
first to evolve but structure is more restrictive of water flow
,xylem:
-vessel member (element) - Answers - large tube shaped cells with no endplates or
partitions which allow greater water flow
phloem: - Answers - 2 types of cells produced
one is tubular for transporting sugars and the other supports both cell types
metabolically
once both are produced, they remain alive as transporting sugars involves active
transport
phloem:
sieve tube member (element) - Answers - tube shaped cells are the main transporters of
sugar, cannot maintain metabolic requirements without assistance
phloem:
companion cell - Answers - assist sieve tube members metabolically
"nurse cell"
help keep other cell types alive, requires exceptional metabolism
must simultaneously maintain own metabolism too
root structure - Answers - epidermis with root hairs
cortex
endodermis with casparian strips
stele
apoplastic pathway - Answers - water from soil passes easily through epidermis of root
hairs
water can then again easily meander between cells of cortex
symplastic pathway - Answers - once water reaches the endodermis, the compacted
and wax sealed (casparian strips) cells prevent water from apoplasticly moving into the
stele.
water can move across the endodermis via osmosis = toxins and contaminants might be
filtered out before being transported to rest of plant via xylem tissue
water can move across the endodermis via - Answers - osmosis
root nodules and symbiotic bacteria - Answers - microbes can fix nitrogen for the host
plant, allowing the latter to grow in soils that otherwise would be challenging
vegetative (asexual) reproduction - Answers - stems:
runner
rhizome
corm
tuber
, bulb
parthenogenesis
propagation
parthenogenesis - Answers - development of an egg without fertilization
propagation - Answers - replanting fragments of plants to establish a whole new plant
Plant development - Answers - seeds must develop quickly to establish leaves for
photosynthesis and roots for anchorage and water absorption.
environmental cues are used by plants to accomplish this goal
growth responses are called tropisms
growth responses are called - Answers - tropisms
".. after germination" - Answers - upward growth
downward growth
upward growth - Answers - Epicotyl or Coleoptile
phototropism
downward growth - Answers - radicle or hypocotyl
gravitropism
meristematic tissues - Answers - plant version of germ tissues
responsible for initial establishment and maintenance of plant tissues, organs, and
systems.
types of meristems: - Answers - apical meristem
lateral meristem
three primary meristems - Answers - protoderm = epidermis
ground meristem = parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
procambium = vascular cambium
secondary growth - Answers - vascular Cambium produces xylem inward and Phloem
outward
cork cambium produces cork
- wood
- bark
wood - Answers - wood is composed of xylem
annual rings
heartwood
Plant Architecture:
Plant needs- - Answers - collection and conversion of solar energy (leaves)
positioning and support of leaves (stems)
anchorage and absorption (roots)
transport (vascular system)
Leaf Structure - Answers - epidermis
mesophyll
vein
Epidermis contains - Answers - cuticle
guard cells with stomata
Mesophyll contains - Answers - parenchyma
dicots with palisade and spongy
Veins contain - Answers - vascular bundle
stem structure: - Answers - Epidermis
- collenchyma
- sclerenchyma (fibers and sclerids)
- vascular tissue
--- xylem and phloem
--- vascular bundles
--- procambium = vascular cambium
eudicots: - Answers - cortex and pith
monocots: - Answers - ground parenchyma
vascular tissues - Answers - responsible for moving fluids through the plant, similar to
circulatory systems of animals
xylem - Answers - cells produced from tubular structures for transporting water and
dissolved minerals from the roots to the plant.
Once tube cells are produced, they die.
maintenance = problematic
plants must replace these cells (perennials)
xylem:
-tracheids - Answers - thinner tube shaped cells with perforated endplates.
first to evolve but structure is more restrictive of water flow
,xylem:
-vessel member (element) - Answers - large tube shaped cells with no endplates or
partitions which allow greater water flow
phloem: - Answers - 2 types of cells produced
one is tubular for transporting sugars and the other supports both cell types
metabolically
once both are produced, they remain alive as transporting sugars involves active
transport
phloem:
sieve tube member (element) - Answers - tube shaped cells are the main transporters of
sugar, cannot maintain metabolic requirements without assistance
phloem:
companion cell - Answers - assist sieve tube members metabolically
"nurse cell"
help keep other cell types alive, requires exceptional metabolism
must simultaneously maintain own metabolism too
root structure - Answers - epidermis with root hairs
cortex
endodermis with casparian strips
stele
apoplastic pathway - Answers - water from soil passes easily through epidermis of root
hairs
water can then again easily meander between cells of cortex
symplastic pathway - Answers - once water reaches the endodermis, the compacted
and wax sealed (casparian strips) cells prevent water from apoplasticly moving into the
stele.
water can move across the endodermis via osmosis = toxins and contaminants might be
filtered out before being transported to rest of plant via xylem tissue
water can move across the endodermis via - Answers - osmosis
root nodules and symbiotic bacteria - Answers - microbes can fix nitrogen for the host
plant, allowing the latter to grow in soils that otherwise would be challenging
vegetative (asexual) reproduction - Answers - stems:
runner
rhizome
corm
tuber
, bulb
parthenogenesis
propagation
parthenogenesis - Answers - development of an egg without fertilization
propagation - Answers - replanting fragments of plants to establish a whole new plant
Plant development - Answers - seeds must develop quickly to establish leaves for
photosynthesis and roots for anchorage and water absorption.
environmental cues are used by plants to accomplish this goal
growth responses are called tropisms
growth responses are called - Answers - tropisms
".. after germination" - Answers - upward growth
downward growth
upward growth - Answers - Epicotyl or Coleoptile
phototropism
downward growth - Answers - radicle or hypocotyl
gravitropism
meristematic tissues - Answers - plant version of germ tissues
responsible for initial establishment and maintenance of plant tissues, organs, and
systems.
types of meristems: - Answers - apical meristem
lateral meristem
three primary meristems - Answers - protoderm = epidermis
ground meristem = parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
procambium = vascular cambium
secondary growth - Answers - vascular Cambium produces xylem inward and Phloem
outward
cork cambium produces cork
- wood
- bark
wood - Answers - wood is composed of xylem
annual rings
heartwood
