BSC 1011 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
How do peat mosses survive in acidic and nutrient poor environments with frequent
permafrost? - Answers - Peat moss use their dead cells as a place to store water and to
provide structure as well, this way the plant had extra storage of water not counting the
living cells.
What does the bryophyte clade consist of? - Answers - Liverworts, mosses, and
hornworts
What major evolution allowed for plants to grow larger and have an ongoing trend of
making the gametophyte smaller and smaller as the tree goes on? - Answers - A
vascular system
Describe plants vascular systems. - Answers - Vascular systems are lined with xylem
and phloem. The xylem is what transports food and minerals while the phloem
transports sugars and hormones.
What is the meristem? Describe the way this is structured. - Answers - The meristem is
a specific point of major cell division both in roots and in branches. This is where cells
divide a lot and make the plant grow, right before the meristem in the roots is the root
cap to prevent damage to the meristem, right after it are the zones of cell elongation
where cells increase in size and the zone of maturation where cells specialize.
What clade of plants has gametophytes as the dominant life cycle and the sporophyte
as a small structure? - Answers - Bryophytes, after this clade the revolutionary vascular
system only made the sporophyte bigger and bigger while decreasing the gametophyte
in size and making it independent of the sporophyte.
What are spore-bearing structures called? - Answers - Cones, female cones are usually
found higher then male cones to prevent self-fertilization
Describe microphyll and megaphyll leaves. - Answers - Microphyll leaves consist of a
single main vein through the middle, while megaphyll leaves are made up of a main vein
in the middle along with branching veins
What does the resurrection plant do exactly? - Answers - When rain comes it
completely re-hydrates
After the last bryophyte, the hornworts, what evolutions happened that affected all
preceding plants? - Answers - 1. Vascular system
2. Apical meristem
3. Sporophyte became dominant
4. Gametophyte and sporophyte are now independent of each other
, What is an epiphyte? - Answers - A plant that grows on another plant but is not parasitic
Where did stems evolve on the phylogenetic plant tree? - Answers - Right after
bryophytes before every other plant clade, stems only evolved once
Where did roots evolve on the phylogenetic plant tree? - Answers - Roots evolved twice
on the tree, once as a derived character for the lychophytes and the second time after
the lychophytes before every other plant clade
Describe a homologous relationship vs a homoplasy relationship. - Answers -
Homologous relationships involve different organisms that have similar or identical
characteristics that came from a common ancestor. A homoplasy is a relationship where
the characteristics are very similar or the same but the two organisms developed them
independently without heredity from a common ancestor.
Describe the relationship between sori and sporangia. - Answers - Sori are the little
orange structures on the back of fern leaves made up of multiple sporangia. Sporangia
are the spore-bearing structures.
What major improvement do the two final vascular clades, angiosperms and
gymnosperms, have over the other vascular clades? - Answers - They now disperse
seeds and undergo secondary growth which is what is seen when you cut a trunk in half
and see circular rings
What is the process of fertilization in gymnosperms? - Answers - In gymnosperms the
spores never leave the sporophyte. Instead they stay inside male and female cones.
When a male gametophyte (pollen) reaches a female cone he has to eat his way to the
egg and when he finally reaches the egg all the sperm is released and the egg is
fertilized by one of them
What are angiosperms? - Answers - Flowers and fruit bearing plants
What is adaptive radiation? - Answers - When you have a massive spike of species
diversification, an example of this is the variety of angiosperms including flowers and
fruits/seeds
In plants what is everything above the ground called? everything below ground? -
Answers - Above: Shoot
Below: Root
What are all the leaf arrangements? - Answers - Alternate
Opposite
Whorled
What are the major plant organs in angiosperms? - Answers - 1. Roots
How do peat mosses survive in acidic and nutrient poor environments with frequent
permafrost? - Answers - Peat moss use their dead cells as a place to store water and to
provide structure as well, this way the plant had extra storage of water not counting the
living cells.
What does the bryophyte clade consist of? - Answers - Liverworts, mosses, and
hornworts
What major evolution allowed for plants to grow larger and have an ongoing trend of
making the gametophyte smaller and smaller as the tree goes on? - Answers - A
vascular system
Describe plants vascular systems. - Answers - Vascular systems are lined with xylem
and phloem. The xylem is what transports food and minerals while the phloem
transports sugars and hormones.
What is the meristem? Describe the way this is structured. - Answers - The meristem is
a specific point of major cell division both in roots and in branches. This is where cells
divide a lot and make the plant grow, right before the meristem in the roots is the root
cap to prevent damage to the meristem, right after it are the zones of cell elongation
where cells increase in size and the zone of maturation where cells specialize.
What clade of plants has gametophytes as the dominant life cycle and the sporophyte
as a small structure? - Answers - Bryophytes, after this clade the revolutionary vascular
system only made the sporophyte bigger and bigger while decreasing the gametophyte
in size and making it independent of the sporophyte.
What are spore-bearing structures called? - Answers - Cones, female cones are usually
found higher then male cones to prevent self-fertilization
Describe microphyll and megaphyll leaves. - Answers - Microphyll leaves consist of a
single main vein through the middle, while megaphyll leaves are made up of a main vein
in the middle along with branching veins
What does the resurrection plant do exactly? - Answers - When rain comes it
completely re-hydrates
After the last bryophyte, the hornworts, what evolutions happened that affected all
preceding plants? - Answers - 1. Vascular system
2. Apical meristem
3. Sporophyte became dominant
4. Gametophyte and sporophyte are now independent of each other
, What is an epiphyte? - Answers - A plant that grows on another plant but is not parasitic
Where did stems evolve on the phylogenetic plant tree? - Answers - Right after
bryophytes before every other plant clade, stems only evolved once
Where did roots evolve on the phylogenetic plant tree? - Answers - Roots evolved twice
on the tree, once as a derived character for the lychophytes and the second time after
the lychophytes before every other plant clade
Describe a homologous relationship vs a homoplasy relationship. - Answers -
Homologous relationships involve different organisms that have similar or identical
characteristics that came from a common ancestor. A homoplasy is a relationship where
the characteristics are very similar or the same but the two organisms developed them
independently without heredity from a common ancestor.
Describe the relationship between sori and sporangia. - Answers - Sori are the little
orange structures on the back of fern leaves made up of multiple sporangia. Sporangia
are the spore-bearing structures.
What major improvement do the two final vascular clades, angiosperms and
gymnosperms, have over the other vascular clades? - Answers - They now disperse
seeds and undergo secondary growth which is what is seen when you cut a trunk in half
and see circular rings
What is the process of fertilization in gymnosperms? - Answers - In gymnosperms the
spores never leave the sporophyte. Instead they stay inside male and female cones.
When a male gametophyte (pollen) reaches a female cone he has to eat his way to the
egg and when he finally reaches the egg all the sperm is released and the egg is
fertilized by one of them
What are angiosperms? - Answers - Flowers and fruit bearing plants
What is adaptive radiation? - Answers - When you have a massive spike of species
diversification, an example of this is the variety of angiosperms including flowers and
fruits/seeds
In plants what is everything above the ground called? everything below ground? -
Answers - Above: Shoot
Below: Root
What are all the leaf arrangements? - Answers - Alternate
Opposite
Whorled
What are the major plant organs in angiosperms? - Answers - 1. Roots
