BSC 1011 EXAM 1 VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
systematics - Answers - the reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships
phylogeny - Answers - the evolutionary tree, the evolutionary history of an organism,
including which species are closely related an d in what order related species evolved;
represent s a hypothesis about patterns of relationship among species
Darwin said - Answers - we evolved from a common ancestor, aka a branching tree
evolution - Answers - can happen fast or slow and is not always divergent
convergent evolution - Answers - two species independently evolve the same features,
usually have similar habitats, whales and penguins share flippers as limbs but do not
share a common ancestor, they share this trait because evolutionary convergence to be
able to swim; one type of homoplasy
phylogenetic - Answers - distinguish similarity among species that is inherited from the
most recent common ancestor of an entire group, which is called ancestral
dervied - Answers - similarity that arose more recently and is shared only by a subset of
the species (a departure from the primitive group)
cladisitcs - Answers - a taxonomic technique used for creating hierarchies of organisms
that represent true phylogenetic relationship and descent
shared derived characters - Answers - in cladistics character states that are shared by
species and that are different from the ancestral character
taxonomy - Answers - the science of classifying living things
the presence of lungs - Answers - does not tell us that mammal species are more
closely related to one another, but they share a common ancestor than another species
polarize - Answers - to determine whether the character states are ancestral or derived
outgroup - Answers - a species or group of species that is closely related to , but not a
member of the group under study; does not possess any of the derived charcaters
cladogram - Answers - depicts a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships
clade - Answers - species that share a common ancestor, as indicated by the
possession of shared derived characters (monophyletic group)
, synapomorphy - Answers - a derived character that is shared by clade members; help
us reconstruct the past from the present; and we ca classify things
plesiomorphy - Answers - ancestral character state
symplesimorphy - Answers - shared ancestral character states
homoplasy - Answers - a shared character state that has not been inherited from a a
common ancestor exhibiting that state; may result from convergent evolution or
evolutionary reversal; the wings of birds and of bats; two kinds of homoplasy
principle of parsimony - Answers - principle stating that scientists should favor the
hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions
cladograms - Answers - do not contain information about the timing of these events
molecular clock - Answers - controversial, the rate of evolution of a molecule is constant
through time
genus - Answers - always capitalized
species - Answers - not capitalized, italiced
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species - Answers - dumb
kids play cards on freeways get smashed
monophyletic - Answers - a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the
group and all its descendants
paraphyletic - Answers - a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the
group, but not all its descendants
polyphyletic - Answers - a group that does not include the most recent common
ancestor of all members of the group
taxonomichierarchies are - Answers - based on shared traits and ideally they should
reflect evolutionary relationships
biological species concept - Answers - defines species as groups of interbreeding
populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups
phylogenetic species concept - Answers - the concept that defines species on the basis
of their phylogenetic relationships
ferns - Answers - came first and then pines and sunfllowers
systematics - Answers - the reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships
phylogeny - Answers - the evolutionary tree, the evolutionary history of an organism,
including which species are closely related an d in what order related species evolved;
represent s a hypothesis about patterns of relationship among species
Darwin said - Answers - we evolved from a common ancestor, aka a branching tree
evolution - Answers - can happen fast or slow and is not always divergent
convergent evolution - Answers - two species independently evolve the same features,
usually have similar habitats, whales and penguins share flippers as limbs but do not
share a common ancestor, they share this trait because evolutionary convergence to be
able to swim; one type of homoplasy
phylogenetic - Answers - distinguish similarity among species that is inherited from the
most recent common ancestor of an entire group, which is called ancestral
dervied - Answers - similarity that arose more recently and is shared only by a subset of
the species (a departure from the primitive group)
cladisitcs - Answers - a taxonomic technique used for creating hierarchies of organisms
that represent true phylogenetic relationship and descent
shared derived characters - Answers - in cladistics character states that are shared by
species and that are different from the ancestral character
taxonomy - Answers - the science of classifying living things
the presence of lungs - Answers - does not tell us that mammal species are more
closely related to one another, but they share a common ancestor than another species
polarize - Answers - to determine whether the character states are ancestral or derived
outgroup - Answers - a species or group of species that is closely related to , but not a
member of the group under study; does not possess any of the derived charcaters
cladogram - Answers - depicts a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships
clade - Answers - species that share a common ancestor, as indicated by the
possession of shared derived characters (monophyletic group)
, synapomorphy - Answers - a derived character that is shared by clade members; help
us reconstruct the past from the present; and we ca classify things
plesiomorphy - Answers - ancestral character state
symplesimorphy - Answers - shared ancestral character states
homoplasy - Answers - a shared character state that has not been inherited from a a
common ancestor exhibiting that state; may result from convergent evolution or
evolutionary reversal; the wings of birds and of bats; two kinds of homoplasy
principle of parsimony - Answers - principle stating that scientists should favor the
hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions
cladograms - Answers - do not contain information about the timing of these events
molecular clock - Answers - controversial, the rate of evolution of a molecule is constant
through time
genus - Answers - always capitalized
species - Answers - not capitalized, italiced
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species - Answers - dumb
kids play cards on freeways get smashed
monophyletic - Answers - a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the
group and all its descendants
paraphyletic - Answers - a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the
group, but not all its descendants
polyphyletic - Answers - a group that does not include the most recent common
ancestor of all members of the group
taxonomichierarchies are - Answers - based on shared traits and ideally they should
reflect evolutionary relationships
biological species concept - Answers - defines species as groups of interbreeding
populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups
phylogenetic species concept - Answers - the concept that defines species on the basis
of their phylogenetic relationships
ferns - Answers - came first and then pines and sunfllowers
