Test Bank For Pathophysiology 8th Edition by Jacquelyn L.
Banasik all chapters Questions And Correct Answers
(Verified Answers) Rationale Q&A| Instant Download Pdf.
1. A patient is diagnosed with myocardial infarction. The tissue hypoxia leads to a
decrease in intracellular ATP production. Which cellular change occurs next as a
direct result of this ATP depletion?
A. Intracellular accumulation of sodium ions leading to cellular swelling
B. Increased activity of the sodium-potassium pump
C. Decreased intracellular influx of calcium ions
D. Cellular shrinkage and dehydration
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: ATP depletion causes failure of the sodium-potassium (Na⁺/K⁺) pump.
Sodium accumulates inside the cell, pulling water inward by osmosis. This leads to
cellular swelling, a hallmark of reversible cell injury.
2. A patient with long-standing, uncontrolled systemic hypertension experiences
an increase in the size of the left ventricular myocardial cells. The nurse identifies
this adaptive cellular transition as:
, A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size, which increases the overall
size of the organ. It occurs in response to an increased mechanical workload, such as
pumping against high systemic blood pressure.
3. Examination of a tissue biopsy from a chronic smoker's bronchus reveals that
normal ciliated columnar epithelial cells have been replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells. This is an example of:
A. Anaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another
mature cell type. This adaptive change helps the tissue withstand chronic irritation or
stress.
4. Which of the following processes describes programmed cellular death
characterized by cell shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, and clean removal by
phagocytes without inducing inflammation?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Apoptosis
D. Caseous necrosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is an orderly, programmed cell death pathway that removes
damaged or unneeded cells. Unlike necrosis, it does not rupture the cell membrane or
release contents that trigger inflammation.
5. A 72-year-old male presents with severe peripheral arterial disease. The tissue
in his left great toe has become dark black, dry, shrivelled, and has a clear line of
demarcation from healthy tissue. What type of necrosis is this?
A. Wet gangrene
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Liquefactive necrosis
D. Dry gangrene
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dry gangrene results from a gradual loss of arterial blood supply to a tissue.
It causes coagulative necrosis characterized by dry, black, shrivelled skin with a distinct
boundary.
6. During hypoxic cell injury, a significant increase in free intracellular calcium
ions causes cell death by activating which harmful enzymes?
A. ATPases, phospholipases, proteases, and endonucleases
, B. Polymerases and synthetases
C. Lactate dehydrogenases
D. Amylases and lipases
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Excess intracellular calcium activates destructive enzymes. ATPases
accelerate ATP depletion; phospholipases destroy cell membranes; proteases break
down structural proteins; endonucleases fragment DNA.
7. An elderly patient is admitted with a serum sodium level of 160 mEq/L due to
severe dehydration. Which cellular fluid shift occurs as a direct result of this
hypertonic extracellular environment?
A. Fluid moves from the extracellular space into the cells, causing cellular swelling
B. Fluid leaves the cells and moves into the extracellular space, causing cellular
shrinkage
C. No fluid shifts occur between compartments
D. Proteins leak out of the intracellular space into the interstitial fluid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypernatremia makes the extracellular fluid hypertonic. Water moves down
its concentration gradient out of the cells and into the blood vessels, causing
intracellular dehydration and cell shrinkage.
8. A patient with advanced liver failure exhibits systemic edema and ascites. The
nurse understands that this fluid accumulation is primarily caused by a decrease
in which physiological force?
A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
C. Plasma oncotic (colloid osmotic) pressure
D. Lymphatic drainage capability
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The liver synthesizes albumin, which generates plasma oncotic pressure to
pull fluid back into capillaries. Liver failure causes hypoalbuminemia, which drops
oncotic pressure and allows fluid to leak into the tissues.
9. A patient's arterial blood gas (ABG) report shows: pH 7.31, PaCO₂ 55 mmHg,
and HCO₃⁻ 26 mEq/L. The nurse interprets this acid-base imbalance as:
A. Uncompensated metabolic acidosis
B. Compensated respiratory alkalosis
C. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis
D. Fully compensated metabolic alkalosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The pH is acidotic (< 7.35) and the PaCO₂ is elevated (> 45 mmHg),
indicating a respiratory origin. The normal bicarbonate level indicates that renal
compensation has not yet occurred.
10. A patient presents with muscle weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias, and a
flattened T-wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG). Which electrolyte imbalance
matches these clinical findings?
A. Hyperkalemia
, B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypokalemia (< 3.5 mEq/L) lowers myocardial excitability. This alters
repolarization, causing characteristic ECG changes such as flattened T-waves, ST-
segment depression, and prominent U-waves.
11. Which compensatory mechanism acts as the fastest primary responder to
maintain physiological pH balance during an acute acid-base disruption?
A. Renal excretion of hydrogen ions
B. Chemical buffering systems in the blood
C. Respiratory adjustment of ventilation rate
D. Hepatic conversion of ammonium to urea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chemical buffers (such as the bicarbonate-carbonic acid system) react
instantly within seconds to neutralize acids or bases. The respiratory system takes
minutes, and the renal system takes hours to days.
12. A patient with severe primary hyperparathyroidism is at high risk for
developing which type of cellular calcification pattern?
A. Dystrophic calcification
B. Caseous calcification
C. Metastatic calcification
D. Liquefactive calcification
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Metastatic calcification occurs in normal tissues due to systemic
hypercalcemia, which can be caused by hyperparathyroidism, bone destruction, or
vitamin D toxicity. Dystrophic calcification occurs in dead or dying tissues despite
normal calcium levels.
13. Which statement describes the primary operational difference between the
intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) compartments?
A. Sodium is the main intracellular cation; Potassium is the main extracellular cation
B. Potassium is the main intracellular cation; Sodium is the main extracellular cation
C. Bicarbonate is entirely absent within the intracellular space
D. Calcium concentrations are much higher inside the cell than outside
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Potassium (K⁺) is concentrated inside the cell, while sodium (Na⁺) is the
primary osmotic determinant in the extracellular compartment. This gradient is
maintained by active transport.
14. A patient experiences severe vomiting for three consecutive days. The nurse
should assess the patient for which acid-base imbalance?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Banasik all chapters Questions And Correct Answers
(Verified Answers) Rationale Q&A| Instant Download Pdf.
1. A patient is diagnosed with myocardial infarction. The tissue hypoxia leads to a
decrease in intracellular ATP production. Which cellular change occurs next as a
direct result of this ATP depletion?
A. Intracellular accumulation of sodium ions leading to cellular swelling
B. Increased activity of the sodium-potassium pump
C. Decreased intracellular influx of calcium ions
D. Cellular shrinkage and dehydration
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: ATP depletion causes failure of the sodium-potassium (Na⁺/K⁺) pump.
Sodium accumulates inside the cell, pulling water inward by osmosis. This leads to
cellular swelling, a hallmark of reversible cell injury.
2. A patient with long-standing, uncontrolled systemic hypertension experiences
an increase in the size of the left ventricular myocardial cells. The nurse identifies
this adaptive cellular transition as:
, A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size, which increases the overall
size of the organ. It occurs in response to an increased mechanical workload, such as
pumping against high systemic blood pressure.
3. Examination of a tissue biopsy from a chronic smoker's bronchus reveals that
normal ciliated columnar epithelial cells have been replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells. This is an example of:
A. Anaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another
mature cell type. This adaptive change helps the tissue withstand chronic irritation or
stress.
4. Which of the following processes describes programmed cellular death
characterized by cell shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, and clean removal by
phagocytes without inducing inflammation?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Apoptosis
D. Caseous necrosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Apoptosis is an orderly, programmed cell death pathway that removes
damaged or unneeded cells. Unlike necrosis, it does not rupture the cell membrane or
release contents that trigger inflammation.
5. A 72-year-old male presents with severe peripheral arterial disease. The tissue
in his left great toe has become dark black, dry, shrivelled, and has a clear line of
demarcation from healthy tissue. What type of necrosis is this?
A. Wet gangrene
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Liquefactive necrosis
D. Dry gangrene
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dry gangrene results from a gradual loss of arterial blood supply to a tissue.
It causes coagulative necrosis characterized by dry, black, shrivelled skin with a distinct
boundary.
6. During hypoxic cell injury, a significant increase in free intracellular calcium
ions causes cell death by activating which harmful enzymes?
A. ATPases, phospholipases, proteases, and endonucleases
, B. Polymerases and synthetases
C. Lactate dehydrogenases
D. Amylases and lipases
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Excess intracellular calcium activates destructive enzymes. ATPases
accelerate ATP depletion; phospholipases destroy cell membranes; proteases break
down structural proteins; endonucleases fragment DNA.
7. An elderly patient is admitted with a serum sodium level of 160 mEq/L due to
severe dehydration. Which cellular fluid shift occurs as a direct result of this
hypertonic extracellular environment?
A. Fluid moves from the extracellular space into the cells, causing cellular swelling
B. Fluid leaves the cells and moves into the extracellular space, causing cellular
shrinkage
C. No fluid shifts occur between compartments
D. Proteins leak out of the intracellular space into the interstitial fluid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypernatremia makes the extracellular fluid hypertonic. Water moves down
its concentration gradient out of the cells and into the blood vessels, causing
intracellular dehydration and cell shrinkage.
8. A patient with advanced liver failure exhibits systemic edema and ascites. The
nurse understands that this fluid accumulation is primarily caused by a decrease
in which physiological force?
A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
C. Plasma oncotic (colloid osmotic) pressure
D. Lymphatic drainage capability
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The liver synthesizes albumin, which generates plasma oncotic pressure to
pull fluid back into capillaries. Liver failure causes hypoalbuminemia, which drops
oncotic pressure and allows fluid to leak into the tissues.
9. A patient's arterial blood gas (ABG) report shows: pH 7.31, PaCO₂ 55 mmHg,
and HCO₃⁻ 26 mEq/L. The nurse interprets this acid-base imbalance as:
A. Uncompensated metabolic acidosis
B. Compensated respiratory alkalosis
C. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis
D. Fully compensated metabolic alkalosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The pH is acidotic (< 7.35) and the PaCO₂ is elevated (> 45 mmHg),
indicating a respiratory origin. The normal bicarbonate level indicates that renal
compensation has not yet occurred.
10. A patient presents with muscle weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias, and a
flattened T-wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG). Which electrolyte imbalance
matches these clinical findings?
A. Hyperkalemia
, B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypokalemia (< 3.5 mEq/L) lowers myocardial excitability. This alters
repolarization, causing characteristic ECG changes such as flattened T-waves, ST-
segment depression, and prominent U-waves.
11. Which compensatory mechanism acts as the fastest primary responder to
maintain physiological pH balance during an acute acid-base disruption?
A. Renal excretion of hydrogen ions
B. Chemical buffering systems in the blood
C. Respiratory adjustment of ventilation rate
D. Hepatic conversion of ammonium to urea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chemical buffers (such as the bicarbonate-carbonic acid system) react
instantly within seconds to neutralize acids or bases. The respiratory system takes
minutes, and the renal system takes hours to days.
12. A patient with severe primary hyperparathyroidism is at high risk for
developing which type of cellular calcification pattern?
A. Dystrophic calcification
B. Caseous calcification
C. Metastatic calcification
D. Liquefactive calcification
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Metastatic calcification occurs in normal tissues due to systemic
hypercalcemia, which can be caused by hyperparathyroidism, bone destruction, or
vitamin D toxicity. Dystrophic calcification occurs in dead or dying tissues despite
normal calcium levels.
13. Which statement describes the primary operational difference between the
intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) compartments?
A. Sodium is the main intracellular cation; Potassium is the main extracellular cation
B. Potassium is the main intracellular cation; Sodium is the main extracellular cation
C. Bicarbonate is entirely absent within the intracellular space
D. Calcium concentrations are much higher inside the cell than outside
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Potassium (K⁺) is concentrated inside the cell, while sodium (Na⁺) is the
primary osmotic determinant in the extracellular compartment. This gradient is
maintained by active transport.
14. A patient experiences severe vomiting for three consecutive days. The nurse
should assess the patient for which acid-base imbalance?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
