1
These notes have been compiled using the following articles from: NSC/ DBE NOV 2023, SACAI NOV 2024, NSC/ DBE NOV 2025 & SACAI NOV 2025.
This information and these answers come from the memoranda (there are more
possible answers). Some information is repeated - I want to show you the different ways
the same information is asked. I encourage you to answer the calculation/illustration
questions.
To make optimal use of this document, you must learn/revise the study notes for Terms
1 and 2 and the Prelim Examination, contact to purchase
the full year package.
Note: Some questions in the examination require you to answer in paragraph
format. In these notes, the answers are presented pointwise so that you can learn
and memorise the content more easily. When a paragraph answer is required in the
examination, you must combine the relevant points into a well-structured, flowing
paragraph.
Purpose of this document:
• To be your complete revision guide for the 2026 Final Exam.
• To show you which topics have already been covered in Term 1/Term 2 and Term 3
and where you can review them.
• To include new content and case studies from the Final papers 2023/2024/2025
for you.
• To make sure you don't miss any possible exam question.
Good luck: Juffrou Ansie
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 2
Contents
ANIMAL NUTRITION ................................................................................................ 3
Digestive systems ............................................................................................... 3
Feed components, types and supplements .................................................... 3
Biological Value ................................................................................................ 3
Digestibility ......................................................................................................... 4
Pearson Square ................................................................................................. 4
Calculating the quantity of each feed in a mixture ....................................... 4
Feed-composition table interpretation ............................................................ 6
Fodder-Flow Programme .................................................................................. 6
ANIMAL PRODUCTION, PROTECTION AND CONTROL ......................................... 8
Production Systems ........................................................................................... 8
Animal behaviour and handling facilities ........................................................ 8
Flight zone — factors and low-stress handling ................................................. 9
Housing and temperature control .................................................................. 10
Economic implications of animal diseases .................................................... 13
Administration of medication — injections .................................................... 13
Herd health and biosecurity ........................................................................... 14
Internal parasites ............................................................................................. 16
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION .................................................................................... 17
Male and female reproductive systems ........................................................ 17
Congenital defects and spermatogenesis .................................................... 17
OESTRUS AND OESTRUS CYCLE ........................................................................ 17
Artificial insemination ...................................................................................... 19
Cloning / nuclear transfer ............................................................................... 21
FERTILISATION, MORULA AND IMPLANTATION ................................................ 21
Parturition and dystocia .................................................................................. 22
Retention of placenta..................................................................................... 23
NORMAL FOETAL PRESENTATION .................................................................... 24
LACTATION AND MILK PRODUCTION .............................................................. 24
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 3
Key terminology:
Embryonic stage The stage of pregnancy characterised by cell differentiation
into tissues, organs and systems.
Prolapse A condition where the vagina protrudes from the vulva, which
may result in sterility.
Jejunum The part of the small intestine where maximum absorption of
nutrients mainly occurs.
Radiation Loss of heat from a warm body to a colder surrounding
environment.
Enucleation Removal of a nucleus from a cell for nuclear transfer.
Ideal / complete A protein containing all the essential and non-essential amino
protein acids at the required levels.
Preparatory stage The stage of parturition during which the cervix, vagina and
vulva dilate and the foetus moves into the birth canal.
Dismounting The stage of mating that occurs after ejaculation.
ANIMAL NUTRITION
Digestive systems
REVISION: Term 1 Study notes p. 5 — Digestion in the non-ruminant and ruminant.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Feed components, types and supplements
REVISION: Term 1 Study notes p. 10–24. - Components of feed p. 10 and Types of feed
on p. 17. Prelim Paper 1 Study notes p. 3 - Feed components, types and supplements.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Biological Value
REVISION: Term 1 Study notes p. 17 - The definition and application of biological value
is already included. Prelim Paper 1 Study notes p. 7 — Explain how biological value is
determined and link it to maintenance, growth and amino acids. Prelim Paper 1 Study
notes p. 8 - rank Eggs → Milk → Lucerne according to biological value.
_________________________________________________________________________________
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
These notes have been compiled using the following articles from: NSC/ DBE NOV 2023, SACAI NOV 2024, NSC/ DBE NOV 2025 & SACAI NOV 2025.
This information and these answers come from the memoranda (there are more
possible answers). Some information is repeated - I want to show you the different ways
the same information is asked. I encourage you to answer the calculation/illustration
questions.
To make optimal use of this document, you must learn/revise the study notes for Terms
1 and 2 and the Prelim Examination, contact to purchase
the full year package.
Note: Some questions in the examination require you to answer in paragraph
format. In these notes, the answers are presented pointwise so that you can learn
and memorise the content more easily. When a paragraph answer is required in the
examination, you must combine the relevant points into a well-structured, flowing
paragraph.
Purpose of this document:
• To be your complete revision guide for the 2026 Final Exam.
• To show you which topics have already been covered in Term 1/Term 2 and Term 3
and where you can review them.
• To include new content and case studies from the Final papers 2023/2024/2025
for you.
• To make sure you don't miss any possible exam question.
Good luck: Juffrou Ansie
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 2
Contents
ANIMAL NUTRITION ................................................................................................ 3
Digestive systems ............................................................................................... 3
Feed components, types and supplements .................................................... 3
Biological Value ................................................................................................ 3
Digestibility ......................................................................................................... 4
Pearson Square ................................................................................................. 4
Calculating the quantity of each feed in a mixture ....................................... 4
Feed-composition table interpretation ............................................................ 6
Fodder-Flow Programme .................................................................................. 6
ANIMAL PRODUCTION, PROTECTION AND CONTROL ......................................... 8
Production Systems ........................................................................................... 8
Animal behaviour and handling facilities ........................................................ 8
Flight zone — factors and low-stress handling ................................................. 9
Housing and temperature control .................................................................. 10
Economic implications of animal diseases .................................................... 13
Administration of medication — injections .................................................... 13
Herd health and biosecurity ........................................................................... 14
Internal parasites ............................................................................................. 16
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION .................................................................................... 17
Male and female reproductive systems ........................................................ 17
Congenital defects and spermatogenesis .................................................... 17
OESTRUS AND OESTRUS CYCLE ........................................................................ 17
Artificial insemination ...................................................................................... 19
Cloning / nuclear transfer ............................................................................... 21
FERTILISATION, MORULA AND IMPLANTATION ................................................ 21
Parturition and dystocia .................................................................................. 22
Retention of placenta..................................................................................... 23
NORMAL FOETAL PRESENTATION .................................................................... 24
LACTATION AND MILK PRODUCTION .............................................................. 24
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 3
Key terminology:
Embryonic stage The stage of pregnancy characterised by cell differentiation
into tissues, organs and systems.
Prolapse A condition where the vagina protrudes from the vulva, which
may result in sterility.
Jejunum The part of the small intestine where maximum absorption of
nutrients mainly occurs.
Radiation Loss of heat from a warm body to a colder surrounding
environment.
Enucleation Removal of a nucleus from a cell for nuclear transfer.
Ideal / complete A protein containing all the essential and non-essential amino
protein acids at the required levels.
Preparatory stage The stage of parturition during which the cervix, vagina and
vulva dilate and the foetus moves into the birth canal.
Dismounting The stage of mating that occurs after ejaculation.
ANIMAL NUTRITION
Digestive systems
REVISION: Term 1 Study notes p. 5 — Digestion in the non-ruminant and ruminant.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Feed components, types and supplements
REVISION: Term 1 Study notes p. 10–24. - Components of feed p. 10 and Types of feed
on p. 17. Prelim Paper 1 Study notes p. 3 - Feed components, types and supplements.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Biological Value
REVISION: Term 1 Study notes p. 17 - The definition and application of biological value
is already included. Prelim Paper 1 Study notes p. 7 — Explain how biological value is
determined and link it to maintenance, growth and amino acids. Prelim Paper 1 Study
notes p. 8 - rank Eggs → Milk → Lucerne according to biological value.
_________________________________________________________________________________
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
