Biol 271 Microbiology W/ Lab Final Exam Review | Lockdown Browser | Portage Learning

BIOL 271 MICROBIOLOGY W/ LAB FINAL EXAM REVIEW | LOCKDOWN BROWSER | PORTAGE LEARNING


QUESTIONS 1–200+
#### SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY & CELL THEORY (Questions 1–20)


1. Which of the following correctly lists the four macromolecules common to all cells?
A) Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, ATP
B) Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
C) Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, water
D) Lipids, carbohydrates, ATP, DNA
Answer B: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
Rationale: The four major classes of macromolecules are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
(DNA/RNA). ATP is a nucleotide, not a class; water is not a macromolecule.




2. The cell is defined as the smallest biological unit of life. This principle is a cornerstone of:
A) Spontaneous generation
B) Cell theory
C) Germ theory
D) Koch's postulates
Answer B: Cell theory
Rationale: Cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells and that cells arise from pre-existing
cells.




3. Who disproved spontaneous generation using swan-neck flasks?
A) Robert Koch
B) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
C) Louis Pasteur
D) Edward Jenner
Answer C: Louis Pasteur
Rationale: Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment demonstrated that microorganisms come from existing
microbes, not spontaneous generation.

,4. Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery using:
A) Carbolic acid (phenol)
B) Penicillin
C) Mercury compounds
D) Alcohol
Answer A: Carbolic acid (phenol)
Rationale: Lister used carbolic acid (phenol) as an antiseptic during surgery to reduce postoperative
infections.




5. Which type of microorganism is classified as a prokaryote and often lives in extreme
environments?
A) Archaea
B) Algae
C) Fungi
D) Protozoa
Answer A: Archaea
Rationale: Archaea are prokaryotes often found in extreme environments (extremophiles). Algae, fungi, and
protozoa are eukaryotes.




6. A student views a specimen with a true nucleus and mitochondria. The organism is most likely
a(n):
A) Bacterium
B) Protozoan
C) Archaeon
D) Virus
Answer B: Protozoan
Rationale: Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria
and archaea lack a nucleus; viruses are acellular.




7. True or False: A virus is classified as a microorganism.
A) True

,B) False
Answer B: False
Rationale: Viruses are acellular and non-living; they are considered microbes but not microorganisms.




8. Which domain includes multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by
absorption?
A) Bacteria
B) Archaea
C) Eukarya (Fungi)
D) None of the above
Answer C: Eukarya (Fungi)
Rationale: Fungi are eukaryotic, multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic organisms that absorb
nutrients.




9. The primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the presence of:
A) A cell wall
B) A plasma membrane
C) A membrane-bound nucleus
D) Ribosomes
Answer C: A membrane-bound nucleus
Rationale: Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus; eukaryotes have a true nucleus surrounded by a
nuclear membrane.




10. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
A) 70S ribosomes
B) Circular chromosome
C) Membrane-bound nucleus
D) Lack of membrane-bound organelles
Answer C: Membrane-bound nucleus
Rationale: Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus; their DNA is located in the nucleoid region.




11. Robert Koch is known for:

, A) Discovering penicillin
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B) Developing postulates to link specific microorganisms to specific diseases
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C) First observing microorganisms
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D) Developing the smallpox vaccine
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Answer B: Developing postulates to link specific microorganisms to specific diseases
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Rationale: Koch's postulates established criteria for proving that a specific microorganism causes a
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12. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is credited with:
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A) Disproving spontaneous generation
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B) First observing microorganisms using a microscope
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C) Developing the germ theory
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D) Creating the first vaccine
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Answer B: First observing microorganisms using a microscope
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Rationale: Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe microorganisms ("animalcules") using a simple
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13. Which of the following best describes the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell?
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A) A membrane-bound organelle containing linear DNA
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B) A structure that synthesizes ribosomes
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C) A region that stores lipids and carbohydrates
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D) A non-membrane-bound area where the circular chromosome is located
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Answer D: A non-membrane-bound area where the circular chromosome is located
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Rationale: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus; their DNA is in a nucleoid without a membrane.
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14. Which of the following is a prokaryote that lacks peptidoglycan and can live in high-salt
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A) Halobacterium (Archaea)
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B) Staphylococcus aureus
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C) Escherichia coli
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D) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Answer A: Halobacterium (Archaea)
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