NUR 631 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
EXAM 2026-2027 QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% CORRECT |
GRADE A+ - GCU
1. Which of the following pharmacokinetic processes is most significantly affected by the
‘First-Pass Effect’?
A. Intravenous distribution
B. Sublingual absorption
C. Renal excretion
D. Oral bioavailability
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The first-pass effect occurs when a drug is metabolized by the
liver or intestines before reaching systemic circulation, which primarily reduces the
bioavailability of orally administered drugs.
2. A patient is prescribed Lisinopril for hypertension. Which electrolyte abnormality is a
clinician most likely to monitor for?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
,C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: ACE inhibitors like Lisinopril reduce aldosterone secretion,
which can lead to potassium retention and hyperkalemia.
3. What is the primary mechanism of action of Metformin in the treatment of Type 2
Diabetes?
A. Stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells
B. Decreasing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity
C. Increasing glucose reabsorption in the kidneys
D. Directly activating insulin receptors in skeletal muscle
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Metformin works by inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver and
increasing peripheral glucose uptake by improving insulin sensitivity.
4. Which class of antibiotics is associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture,
particularly in the Achilles tendon?
A. Penicillins
B. Macrolides
C. Fluoroquinolones
, D. Tetracyclines
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Fluoroquinolones carry a black box warning for tendonitis and
tendon rupture, especially in older adults or those taking corticosteroids.
5. A patient with a high Volume of Distribution (Vd) for a specific drug suggests that the drug
is:
A. Highly bound to plasma proteins
B. Extensively distributed into peripheral tissues
C. Confined to the intravascular space
D. Rapidly cleared by the kidneys
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: A large volume of distribution indicates that the drug leaves the
plasma and enters the tissues extensively (often lipophilic drugs).
6. Which medication is considered a ‘rescue’ inhaler for acute bronchospasm in asthma
patients?
A. Salmeterol
B. Fluticasone
C. Albuterol
D. Tiotropium
EXAM 2026-2027 QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% CORRECT |
GRADE A+ - GCU
1. Which of the following pharmacokinetic processes is most significantly affected by the
‘First-Pass Effect’?
A. Intravenous distribution
B. Sublingual absorption
C. Renal excretion
D. Oral bioavailability
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The first-pass effect occurs when a drug is metabolized by the
liver or intestines before reaching systemic circulation, which primarily reduces the
bioavailability of orally administered drugs.
2. A patient is prescribed Lisinopril for hypertension. Which electrolyte abnormality is a
clinician most likely to monitor for?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hyperkalemia
,C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypocalcemia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: ACE inhibitors like Lisinopril reduce aldosterone secretion,
which can lead to potassium retention and hyperkalemia.
3. What is the primary mechanism of action of Metformin in the treatment of Type 2
Diabetes?
A. Stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells
B. Decreasing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity
C. Increasing glucose reabsorption in the kidneys
D. Directly activating insulin receptors in skeletal muscle
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Metformin works by inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver and
increasing peripheral glucose uptake by improving insulin sensitivity.
4. Which class of antibiotics is associated with an increased risk of tendon rupture,
particularly in the Achilles tendon?
A. Penicillins
B. Macrolides
C. Fluoroquinolones
, D. Tetracyclines
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Fluoroquinolones carry a black box warning for tendonitis and
tendon rupture, especially in older adults or those taking corticosteroids.
5. A patient with a high Volume of Distribution (Vd) for a specific drug suggests that the drug
is:
A. Highly bound to plasma proteins
B. Extensively distributed into peripheral tissues
C. Confined to the intravascular space
D. Rapidly cleared by the kidneys
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: A large volume of distribution indicates that the drug leaves the
plasma and enters the tissues extensively (often lipophilic drugs).
6. Which medication is considered a ‘rescue’ inhaler for acute bronchospasm in asthma
patients?
A. Salmeterol
B. Fluticasone
C. Albuterol
D. Tiotropium
