NUR 631 ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS | 100% CORRECT | GRADE A+
- GCU
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often in response to chronic irritation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another less mature cell type, such as the change in bronchial lining from ciliated
columnar to stratified squamous epithelium in smokers.
2. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury caused by free radicals?
A. Activation of lysosomal enzymes
B. Inhibition of ATP synthesis
,C. Sudden decrease in intracellular calcium
D. Oxidative stress leading to membrane damage
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Free radicals cause oxidative stress, which leads to lipid
peroxidation, protein alteration, and DNA damage, ultimately compromising the integrity
of cell membranes.
3. In the context of DNA methylation, what is the typical effect of hypermethylation on gene
expression?
A. Increased protein translation
B. Gene activation
C. Gene silencing
D. DNA replication acceleration
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Hypermethylation, an epigenetic mechanism, typically occurs in
the promoter region of genes and leads to gene silencing by preventing the binding of
transcription factors.
4. A patient presents with a pH of 7.25, a PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and a HCO3 of 28 mEq/L. Which
acid-base imbalance is occurring?
A. Respiratory acidosis with partial compensation
, B. Metabolic acidosis with partial compensation
C. Respiratory alkalosis with no compensation
D. Metabolic alkalosis with full compensation
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The pH is acidic (< 7.35), the PaCO2 is high (> 45) indicating
respiratory origin, and the HCO3 is elevated (> 26) showing the kidneys are attempting to
compensate, though the pH is not yet normal.
5. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE and involves the release of
histamine from mast cells?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is immediate, IgE-mediated, and involves
allergen binding to IgE on mast cells, leading to degranulation and histamine release.
6. What is the hallmark physiological finding in patients with Nephrotic Syndrome?
A. Proteinuria exceeding 3.5g per day
B. Gross hematuria
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS | 100% CORRECT | GRADE A+
- GCU
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often in response to chronic irritation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another less mature cell type, such as the change in bronchial lining from ciliated
columnar to stratified squamous epithelium in smokers.
2. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury caused by free radicals?
A. Activation of lysosomal enzymes
B. Inhibition of ATP synthesis
,C. Sudden decrease in intracellular calcium
D. Oxidative stress leading to membrane damage
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Free radicals cause oxidative stress, which leads to lipid
peroxidation, protein alteration, and DNA damage, ultimately compromising the integrity
of cell membranes.
3. In the context of DNA methylation, what is the typical effect of hypermethylation on gene
expression?
A. Increased protein translation
B. Gene activation
C. Gene silencing
D. DNA replication acceleration
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Hypermethylation, an epigenetic mechanism, typically occurs in
the promoter region of genes and leads to gene silencing by preventing the binding of
transcription factors.
4. A patient presents with a pH of 7.25, a PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and a HCO3 of 28 mEq/L. Which
acid-base imbalance is occurring?
A. Respiratory acidosis with partial compensation
, B. Metabolic acidosis with partial compensation
C. Respiratory alkalosis with no compensation
D. Metabolic alkalosis with full compensation
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The pH is acidic (< 7.35), the PaCO2 is high (> 45) indicating
respiratory origin, and the HCO3 is elevated (> 26) showing the kidneys are attempting to
compensate, though the pH is not yet normal.
5. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE and involves the release of
histamine from mast cells?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is immediate, IgE-mediated, and involves
allergen binding to IgE on mast cells, leading to degranulation and histamine release.
6. What is the hallmark physiological finding in patients with Nephrotic Syndrome?
A. Proteinuria exceeding 3.5g per day
B. Gross hematuria
