Test Bank for A History of World Societies, 12th Edition by Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks| Newest VERSION | All Chapters

A History of World Societies, Combined Volume, 10e John McKay, Patricia Buckley
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.9 Ebrey, Roger Beck, Merry Wiesner Hanks, Jerry Davila, Clare Haru Crowston (Test
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BankAllChapters, 100%OriginalVerified, A+ Grade) AnswersAtThe End OfEach
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Chapter .9




Chapter01_Essay .9




Answer each of the followingquestions with an essay. Be sure to includespecific examples that support
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your thesis and conclusions.
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1. Whataresomeof theproblemsin using evidencefromcontemporary gatherersocieties to
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study early humans?
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2. How did early Homo erectus spread out of East Africa intoother partsof the world? Where
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did they go, and how early did they reach those places?
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3. What were the key features of Paleolithic food attainment and Paleolithic diets?
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4. What are some of the theories about gender relationships in Paleolithic societies? What
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changed in those relationships in the Neolithic period? What kinds of evidence are used in
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supporting or arguing against these theories?
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5. Whatis therelationship between pastoralism, disease, and humans?
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6. How did materialgoods create,define,and perpetuatesocialhierarchies inNeolithic
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societies? .9




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,AnswerKey .9




1. Answer would ideally include: .9 .9 .9




• Because the earliest humans did not leave behind written evidence, scientists have studied .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9




more recent societies that lived by similar gathering means. However, most evidence about
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recent gatherer societies was written by external sources and thus includes their biases and
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expectations, such as the inferiority of foraging as a lifestyle. Furthermore, few modern
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foragers or gatherers are truly isolated from the influence of other agricultural or industrial
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cultures. Also, this approach assumes that gatherer societiesaresomehow staticandremain
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unchangedovermanycenturies,which ignores the evidence of how adaptable such societies
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really are.
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2. Answer would ideally include: .9 .9 .9




• Homo erectus migrated out of East Africa into central Africa, and then into northern Africa.
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This migration took place 2 million years ago. As early as 1.8 million years ago, Homo erectus
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had spread to Asia, reaching China and Java by 1.5 million years ago. These migrations took
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place over land, along coastline routes. Because sea levels were lower then, individuals could
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cross from the mainland of China to Java on foot. Homo erectus also moved northward from
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Africa, into Spain by 800,000 years ago and into Germany500,000 years ago. In each ofthese
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places,they adaptedhunting and gathering techniques to the local environment.
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3. Answer would ideally include: .9 .9 .9




• The Paleolithic diet consisted of a combination of plants and animal protein. Paleolithic
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peoples foraged for their food, engaging in what we would consider a combination of
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hunting, scavenging, and gathering. Most of what they ate were plants. Animal protein often
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came from scavenged foods like insects and shellfish rather than being hunted directly. It is
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unknown as to whether labor was divided between genders, but in today's foraging societies,
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there is some division, with men engaging in hunting large animals and women responsible
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for gathering plants and small animals. It took between ten and twenty hours per week to
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gather food, but this number varied depending on environmental factors and group decisions.
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Because Paleolithic peoples had to forage for their diet, they expended energy and, in general,
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avoided diseases common in sedentary societies. Lifespans were kept in check by accidents,
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injuries, and infections.
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4. Answer would ideally include: .9 .9 .9




• Studies of more recent foraging societies suggest that women were valued for their labor, .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9




which was recognizedas equal to the work of men. Both men and women foraged for food, and
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both participated in hunting. Other scholars theorize that even in Paleolithic society one
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person may have emerged as aleader, perhaps based on personal skill, and that this person was
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almost always a man. It is more certain that by the Neolithic period, after the invention of plow
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agriculture, society became more hierarchical and men took on more of a public, elite status.
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Women were limited to the home or enclosed spaces, and land inheritance favored men over
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women. Evidence for
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, gender roles in theNeolithic period comes from laterwritten traditions.
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5. Answer would ideally include: .9 .9 .9




• Pastoralism is the herding and raising of livestock. It requires humans to live in close contact
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with theirherdanimals,thusexposing humans to various animal-bornediseases, such as
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smallpox. Initially, exposure to diseases may have caused higher mortality rates in
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pastoralist societies, but over time, humans would have developed some resistance to them.
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Foragers were not exposed to these diseases and thus did not develop any resistance to them.
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When a pastoralist society encountered a forager society, this might have led the former to
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expose the latter to deadly pathogens.
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6. Answer would ideally include: .9 .9 .9




• Thepossession of materialgoods—such aslivestock, dwelling structures, plows, carts, and
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pots—indicated that some individuals had control over more labor. Labor was used to acquire
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material goods. The more material goods one had, the more labor one controlled. This
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indicatedstatus; to control labor was to have a higherstatus than others. Having material goods
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gave one the ability to acquire yet more material goods and to continue to acquire status.
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Material goods, along with land, could also constitute an inheritance, and thus perpetuate
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status into the next generation.
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, Chapter 01_Matching .9




Use the following to answer questions 1-15:
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Selectthe word or phrase from the Termssection that best matches the definition or example provided
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in the Definitions section.
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Terms
a. pastoralism
b. Neanderthals
c. division of labor .9 .9




d. animism
e. social hierarchies .9




f. patriarchy
g. Paleolithic era .9




h. AgriculturalRevolution .9




g. foraging
h. shamans
i. Neolithic era .9




j. hominids
k. horticulture
l. megafaunal extinction .9




m. domesticated


1. Period during which humans used tools of stone, bone, and wood and obtained food by
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gathering and hunting. Roughly 250,000–9,000 B.C.E.
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2. Dramatictransformation in human history resulting fromthechangefrom foragingto .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9




raising crops and animals.
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3. Period beginningin 9000 B.C.E.during which humans obtained foodby raising crops and
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animals and continued to use tools primarily of stone, bone, and wood.
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4. Members ofthe familyHominidaethatcontains humans,chimpanzees,gorillas,and .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9




orangutans. .9 .9




5. Die-off oflarge animals in many parts of the world about 15,000–10,000 B.C.E., caused by
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climate change and perhaps human hunting.
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