Davis Advantage for Pathophysiology (Capriotti) 3rd Ed | Exam-Style Questions and Answers
B. Atrial baffles 1In a patient with a history of a Mustard repair, it is particularly important for the
echocardiographer to examine the:
A. Mitral valve for regurgitation
B. Atrial baffles
C. Right ventricle- to- pulmonary artery conduit
D. Left ventricle- to - aorta conduit
E. Aortic valve for regurgitation
E. Levotransposition of the great arteries A 71 year old male presents to the echocardiography lab with a history of symptoms
of heart failure. What condition does the image demonstrate?
A. Mitral valve prolapse
B. Tricuspid valve prolapse
C. Mitral and tricuspid valve prolapse
D. Ebstein anomaly of the mitral valve
E. Levotransposition of the great arteries
A. Mitral stenosis A 57 year old male presents with possible mitral valve disorder. What does M-mode
tracing demonstrate?
A. Mitral stenosis
B. Mitral annular calcification
C. Mitral stenosis and mitral valve prolapse
D. Mitral stenosis and anterior flail leaflet
E. Mitral valve prolapse
D. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with right bundle What is the most common arrhythmia associated with Ebstein anomaly?
branch block A. Premature atrial contraction
B. Premature ventricular contraction
C. Complete heart block
D. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with right bundle branch block
E. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with left bundle branch block
C. Mild mitral regurgitation This image was obtained on a patient following repair for a flail mitral valve leaflet.
What does it demonstrate?
A. Normal mitral valve flow
B. Mild mitral stenosis
C. Mild mitral regurgitation
D. Moderate mitral stenosis
E. Moderate mitral regurgitation
C. Straddling atrioventricular valves What is the name of the condition in which valvular chordal attachments adheres to
both sides of the ventricular septum?
A. Ebstein anomaly
B. Overriding aorta
C. Straddling atrioventricular valves
D. Valvular atresia
E. Ventricular septal defect with tricuspid atresia
C. Left atrial enlargement Mitral regurgitation is associated with:
A. Superior vena cava enlargement
B. Right ventricular enlargement
C. Left atrial enlargement
D. Right atrial enlargement
E. None of the above
B. Constrictive pericarditis Which condition is most likely to be associated with these findings?
A. Normal pericardium
B. Constrictive pericarditis
C. Restriction physiology
D. Pericardial effusion and tamponade physiology
E. Pericardial effusion and pleural effusion
A. Patent ductus arteriosus A patient presents with a machinery murmur. Echocardiography demonstrates an
enlarged pulmonary artery and a red jet just inferior to the aortic arch in the
suprasternal notch view. These findings suggest:
A. Patent ductus arteriosus
B. Atrial septal defect
C. Inflow ventricular septal defect
D. Supracristal ventricular septal defect
E. Sinus venosus defect
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, Davis Advantage for Pathophysiology (Capriotti) 3rd Ed | Exam-Style Questions and Answers
A. Calcific degenerative aortic stenosis A 91-year-old male presents with angina, congestive heart failure, and syncope. A
late-peaking harsh systolic ejection murmur is heard and a weak and slow-rising
carotid pulse is noted. Echocardiography demonstrates a calcified aortic valve, a left
ventricular
outflow tract (LVOT) velocity of 1.0 m/sec, and an aortic valve velocity of 5.0 m/sec.
The patient's mitral valve appears normal. These findings suggest:
A. Calcific degenerative aortic stenosis
B. Subaortic stenosis
C. Congenital aortic bicuspid stenosis
D. Congenital aortic unicuspid stenosis
E. Rheumatic aortic stenosis
D. Endocardial cushions Which of these structures play(s) a significant role in the embryologic development
of the septum primum, atrioventricular valves, and membranous septum?
A. Ventral septal endocardium
B. Atrial septal endocardium
C. Endocardial fibroelastic cushions
D. Endocardial cushions
E. Ductus arteriosus
B. Aortic annulus dilation Aortic regurgitation is often presented with Marfan syndrome due to:
A. Frequent association with mitral valve stenosis
B. Aortic annulus dilation
C. Pulmonic annulus dilation
D. Tricuspid annulus dilation
E. Frequent association with atrial septal defects
D. Liver hemangioma Causes of secondary hypertension include all of the following except:
A. Renal arterial disease
B. Renal parenchymal disease
C. Aortic coarctation
D. Liver hemangioma
E. Neurogenic disease
D. Left ventricular thrombus A 72-year-old female with a history of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) presents for
echocardiography. You note an echogenic structure laminated to the left ventricular
wall. This history and these findings suggest:
A. Atrial myxoma
B. Atrial fibroelastoma
C. Atrial lipoma
D. Left ventricular thrombus
E. Metastatic tumor
E. Severe aortic regurgitation A 76-year-old male patient presents with a systolic ejection murmur, rumble at the
apex, and an S3 gallop. On echocardiography the effective regurgitant orifice of the
aortic valve is estimated to be 0.31 cm? This finding is consistent with:
A. A normal aortic valve
B. A trivial amount of aortic insufficiency
C. Mild aortic regurgitation
D. Moderate aortic regurgitation
E. Severe aortic regurgitation
C. A tear in the intima that creates a false lumen What is an aortic dissection?
A. A focal dilation of the aorta greater than 4.0 cm
B. A focal area of inflammation with visible calcification
C. A tear in the intima that creates a false lumen
D. A focal dilation in the sinus of valsalva
E. A focal plaque greater than 5mm in the ascending aorta
C. Thinning of the left ventricular wall This image demonstrates:
A. Thickened left ventricular walls
B. Normal thickness of the left ventricle
C. Thinning of the left ventricular wall
D. Normal sized left ventricle
E. Small left ventricle
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, Davis Advantage for Pathophysiology (Capriotti) 3rd Ed | Exam-Style Questions and Answers
E. Turner syndrome What syndrome is commonly associated with coarctation of the aorta?
A. Down syndrome
B. Edward syndrome
C. Noonan syndrome
D. Marfan syndrome
E. Turner syndrome
D. Dextrotransposition of the great arteries A patient presents with a history of Mustard repair. The patient's congenital defect
is:
A. Complete atrioventricular canal defect
B. Truncus arteriosus
C. Double outlet right ventricle
D. Dextrotransposition of the great arteries
E. Ventricular inversion
A. 60 bpm In the normal nonathlete adult, bradycardia is defined as a heart rate of less than:
A. 60 bpm
B. 70-80 bpm
C. 80-90 bpm
D. 100-110 bpm
E. 110-120 bpm
B. Aortic regurgitation due to lupus valvulitis A 45 year old female presents with an Austin Flint murmur and a history of
autoimmune disease. This image demonstrates:
A. Residual pulmonic valve stenosis post tetralogy of fallot repair
B. Aortic regurgitation due to lupus valvulitis
C. Rheumatic heart disease mitral stenosis
D. Stenosis of a prosthetic aortic valve
E. Carcinoid heart disease
E. Severe aortic stenosis A 72 year old female presents with blood pressure of 125/70mmHg. Measurements
reveal an aortic valve area of 0.08cm^2. This finding suggests:
A. Normal aortic valve
B. Mild aortic stenosis
C. Moderate aortic stenosis
D. Moderate to severe aortic stenosis
E. Severe aortic stenosis
B. Coarctation of aorta A 14-year-old male presents with uncontrolled hypertension. You note increased
velocities and a narrowing of the aorta just distal to the left subclavian artery. These
findings suggest a diagnosis of:
A. Double aortic arch
B. Coarctation of aorta
C. Interruption of the aortic arch type A
D. Interruption of the aortic arch type B
E. Interruption of the aortic arch type C
D. Small pericardial effusion While performing an exam on a supine patient in the ICU, you note a 1.5 mm
anechoic area that was measured during diastole, immediately posterior to the left
ventricle on the parasternal images. This finding most likely represents a:
A. Large pericardial effusion with tamponade
B. Moderate pleural effusion
C. Moderate loculated pericardial effusion
D. Small pericardial effusion
E. Large loculated pleural effusion
A. Mitral stenosis A 72 year old female patient present with a heart murmur noted on a physical exam.
The heart murmur is described as a long diastolic rumble at the apex. This finding
suggest a possible diagnosis of?
A. Mitral stenosis
B. Tricuspid stenosis
C. Aortic stenosis
D. Aortic regurgitation
E. Mitral regurgitation
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, Davis Advantage for Pathophysiology (Capriotti) 3rd Ed | Exam-Style Questions and Answers
C. Pericardial effusion This image demonstrates:
A. Normal pericardium
B. Constrictive pericarditis
C. Pericardial effusion
D. Pleural effusion
E. Pericardial effusion and pleural effusion
B. Inflow pattern seen with mitral stenosis This image demonstrates:
A. Normal mitral inflow pattern
B. Inflow pattern seen with mitral stenosis
C. Abnormal prolonged inflow pattern
D. Restrictive filling pattern
E. Pseudonormal filling pattern
C. Right ventricular volume overload, paradoxical septal Which echocardiographic features of an atrial septal defect are most common?
motion, left to right shunting, broadening at the edges of A. Increased right ventricular pressure overload, paradoxical septal motion, right to
the septum near an imaged defect left shunting, mitral valve prolapse
B. Decreased right ventricular pressure, right ventricular volume overload, normal
septal motion, noncompliant left ventricle
C. Right ventricular volume overload, paradoxical septal motion, left to right
shunting, broadening at the edges of the septum near an imaged defect
D. Right ventricular volume overload, paradoxical septal motion, right to left
shunting, septal brightness, and broadening at the edges of the defect
E. Right ventricular pressure overload, left to right shunting, tricuspid valve prolapse
B. Age of the valve When evaluating a prosthetic valve for stenosis, you must take into account all of
the following except:
A. Type of valve placed
B. Age of the valve
C. Patient size
D. Valve size
E. Cardiac output
E. Severe mitral stenosis A 54 year old female presents with dyspnea and a murmur. Based on the
information below, which of the following is true?
A. Normal appearing flow through the mitral valve
B. Mild mitral stenosis
C. Moderate mitral stenosis
D. moderate/severe mitral stenosis
E. Severe mitral stenosis
C. Left to right In a complete atrioventricular canal defect, the shunt is usually:
A. Bidirectional
B. Unidirectional
C. Left to right
D. Right to left
E. Right to left at the atrial level and left to right at the ventricular level
A. Coarctation of the aorta A 21 year old patient presents with a right arm BP of 140/95mmHg. You note
increased velocities and a narrowing of the aorta just distal to the left subclavian
artery. These findings suggest a diagnosis of:
A. Coarctation of the aorta
B. Interruption of the aortic arch type A
C. Interruption of the aortic arch type B
D. Interruption of the aortic arch type C
E. Double aortic arch
C. Crescendo-decrescendo harsh late systolic murmur The murmur associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is:
A. Wide split S2 murmur
B. Austin Flint murmur
C. Crescendo-decrescendo harsh late systolic murmur
D. Diastolic rumble murmur
E. Opening snap murmur
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B. Atrial baffles 1In a patient with a history of a Mustard repair, it is particularly important for the
echocardiographer to examine the:
A. Mitral valve for regurgitation
B. Atrial baffles
C. Right ventricle- to- pulmonary artery conduit
D. Left ventricle- to - aorta conduit
E. Aortic valve for regurgitation
E. Levotransposition of the great arteries A 71 year old male presents to the echocardiography lab with a history of symptoms
of heart failure. What condition does the image demonstrate?
A. Mitral valve prolapse
B. Tricuspid valve prolapse
C. Mitral and tricuspid valve prolapse
D. Ebstein anomaly of the mitral valve
E. Levotransposition of the great arteries
A. Mitral stenosis A 57 year old male presents with possible mitral valve disorder. What does M-mode
tracing demonstrate?
A. Mitral stenosis
B. Mitral annular calcification
C. Mitral stenosis and mitral valve prolapse
D. Mitral stenosis and anterior flail leaflet
E. Mitral valve prolapse
D. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with right bundle What is the most common arrhythmia associated with Ebstein anomaly?
branch block A. Premature atrial contraction
B. Premature ventricular contraction
C. Complete heart block
D. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with right bundle branch block
E. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with left bundle branch block
C. Mild mitral regurgitation This image was obtained on a patient following repair for a flail mitral valve leaflet.
What does it demonstrate?
A. Normal mitral valve flow
B. Mild mitral stenosis
C. Mild mitral regurgitation
D. Moderate mitral stenosis
E. Moderate mitral regurgitation
C. Straddling atrioventricular valves What is the name of the condition in which valvular chordal attachments adheres to
both sides of the ventricular septum?
A. Ebstein anomaly
B. Overriding aorta
C. Straddling atrioventricular valves
D. Valvular atresia
E. Ventricular septal defect with tricuspid atresia
C. Left atrial enlargement Mitral regurgitation is associated with:
A. Superior vena cava enlargement
B. Right ventricular enlargement
C. Left atrial enlargement
D. Right atrial enlargement
E. None of the above
B. Constrictive pericarditis Which condition is most likely to be associated with these findings?
A. Normal pericardium
B. Constrictive pericarditis
C. Restriction physiology
D. Pericardial effusion and tamponade physiology
E. Pericardial effusion and pleural effusion
A. Patent ductus arteriosus A patient presents with a machinery murmur. Echocardiography demonstrates an
enlarged pulmonary artery and a red jet just inferior to the aortic arch in the
suprasternal notch view. These findings suggest:
A. Patent ductus arteriosus
B. Atrial septal defect
C. Inflow ventricular septal defect
D. Supracristal ventricular septal defect
E. Sinus venosus defect
Stuvia.com 2026 - 2027
, Davis Advantage for Pathophysiology (Capriotti) 3rd Ed | Exam-Style Questions and Answers
A. Calcific degenerative aortic stenosis A 91-year-old male presents with angina, congestive heart failure, and syncope. A
late-peaking harsh systolic ejection murmur is heard and a weak and slow-rising
carotid pulse is noted. Echocardiography demonstrates a calcified aortic valve, a left
ventricular
outflow tract (LVOT) velocity of 1.0 m/sec, and an aortic valve velocity of 5.0 m/sec.
The patient's mitral valve appears normal. These findings suggest:
A. Calcific degenerative aortic stenosis
B. Subaortic stenosis
C. Congenital aortic bicuspid stenosis
D. Congenital aortic unicuspid stenosis
E. Rheumatic aortic stenosis
D. Endocardial cushions Which of these structures play(s) a significant role in the embryologic development
of the septum primum, atrioventricular valves, and membranous septum?
A. Ventral septal endocardium
B. Atrial septal endocardium
C. Endocardial fibroelastic cushions
D. Endocardial cushions
E. Ductus arteriosus
B. Aortic annulus dilation Aortic regurgitation is often presented with Marfan syndrome due to:
A. Frequent association with mitral valve stenosis
B. Aortic annulus dilation
C. Pulmonic annulus dilation
D. Tricuspid annulus dilation
E. Frequent association with atrial septal defects
D. Liver hemangioma Causes of secondary hypertension include all of the following except:
A. Renal arterial disease
B. Renal parenchymal disease
C. Aortic coarctation
D. Liver hemangioma
E. Neurogenic disease
D. Left ventricular thrombus A 72-year-old female with a history of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) presents for
echocardiography. You note an echogenic structure laminated to the left ventricular
wall. This history and these findings suggest:
A. Atrial myxoma
B. Atrial fibroelastoma
C. Atrial lipoma
D. Left ventricular thrombus
E. Metastatic tumor
E. Severe aortic regurgitation A 76-year-old male patient presents with a systolic ejection murmur, rumble at the
apex, and an S3 gallop. On echocardiography the effective regurgitant orifice of the
aortic valve is estimated to be 0.31 cm? This finding is consistent with:
A. A normal aortic valve
B. A trivial amount of aortic insufficiency
C. Mild aortic regurgitation
D. Moderate aortic regurgitation
E. Severe aortic regurgitation
C. A tear in the intima that creates a false lumen What is an aortic dissection?
A. A focal dilation of the aorta greater than 4.0 cm
B. A focal area of inflammation with visible calcification
C. A tear in the intima that creates a false lumen
D. A focal dilation in the sinus of valsalva
E. A focal plaque greater than 5mm in the ascending aorta
C. Thinning of the left ventricular wall This image demonstrates:
A. Thickened left ventricular walls
B. Normal thickness of the left ventricle
C. Thinning of the left ventricular wall
D. Normal sized left ventricle
E. Small left ventricle
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, Davis Advantage for Pathophysiology (Capriotti) 3rd Ed | Exam-Style Questions and Answers
E. Turner syndrome What syndrome is commonly associated with coarctation of the aorta?
A. Down syndrome
B. Edward syndrome
C. Noonan syndrome
D. Marfan syndrome
E. Turner syndrome
D. Dextrotransposition of the great arteries A patient presents with a history of Mustard repair. The patient's congenital defect
is:
A. Complete atrioventricular canal defect
B. Truncus arteriosus
C. Double outlet right ventricle
D. Dextrotransposition of the great arteries
E. Ventricular inversion
A. 60 bpm In the normal nonathlete adult, bradycardia is defined as a heart rate of less than:
A. 60 bpm
B. 70-80 bpm
C. 80-90 bpm
D. 100-110 bpm
E. 110-120 bpm
B. Aortic regurgitation due to lupus valvulitis A 45 year old female presents with an Austin Flint murmur and a history of
autoimmune disease. This image demonstrates:
A. Residual pulmonic valve stenosis post tetralogy of fallot repair
B. Aortic regurgitation due to lupus valvulitis
C. Rheumatic heart disease mitral stenosis
D. Stenosis of a prosthetic aortic valve
E. Carcinoid heart disease
E. Severe aortic stenosis A 72 year old female presents with blood pressure of 125/70mmHg. Measurements
reveal an aortic valve area of 0.08cm^2. This finding suggests:
A. Normal aortic valve
B. Mild aortic stenosis
C. Moderate aortic stenosis
D. Moderate to severe aortic stenosis
E. Severe aortic stenosis
B. Coarctation of aorta A 14-year-old male presents with uncontrolled hypertension. You note increased
velocities and a narrowing of the aorta just distal to the left subclavian artery. These
findings suggest a diagnosis of:
A. Double aortic arch
B. Coarctation of aorta
C. Interruption of the aortic arch type A
D. Interruption of the aortic arch type B
E. Interruption of the aortic arch type C
D. Small pericardial effusion While performing an exam on a supine patient in the ICU, you note a 1.5 mm
anechoic area that was measured during diastole, immediately posterior to the left
ventricle on the parasternal images. This finding most likely represents a:
A. Large pericardial effusion with tamponade
B. Moderate pleural effusion
C. Moderate loculated pericardial effusion
D. Small pericardial effusion
E. Large loculated pleural effusion
A. Mitral stenosis A 72 year old female patient present with a heart murmur noted on a physical exam.
The heart murmur is described as a long diastolic rumble at the apex. This finding
suggest a possible diagnosis of?
A. Mitral stenosis
B. Tricuspid stenosis
C. Aortic stenosis
D. Aortic regurgitation
E. Mitral regurgitation
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, Davis Advantage for Pathophysiology (Capriotti) 3rd Ed | Exam-Style Questions and Answers
C. Pericardial effusion This image demonstrates:
A. Normal pericardium
B. Constrictive pericarditis
C. Pericardial effusion
D. Pleural effusion
E. Pericardial effusion and pleural effusion
B. Inflow pattern seen with mitral stenosis This image demonstrates:
A. Normal mitral inflow pattern
B. Inflow pattern seen with mitral stenosis
C. Abnormal prolonged inflow pattern
D. Restrictive filling pattern
E. Pseudonormal filling pattern
C. Right ventricular volume overload, paradoxical septal Which echocardiographic features of an atrial septal defect are most common?
motion, left to right shunting, broadening at the edges of A. Increased right ventricular pressure overload, paradoxical septal motion, right to
the septum near an imaged defect left shunting, mitral valve prolapse
B. Decreased right ventricular pressure, right ventricular volume overload, normal
septal motion, noncompliant left ventricle
C. Right ventricular volume overload, paradoxical septal motion, left to right
shunting, broadening at the edges of the septum near an imaged defect
D. Right ventricular volume overload, paradoxical septal motion, right to left
shunting, septal brightness, and broadening at the edges of the defect
E. Right ventricular pressure overload, left to right shunting, tricuspid valve prolapse
B. Age of the valve When evaluating a prosthetic valve for stenosis, you must take into account all of
the following except:
A. Type of valve placed
B. Age of the valve
C. Patient size
D. Valve size
E. Cardiac output
E. Severe mitral stenosis A 54 year old female presents with dyspnea and a murmur. Based on the
information below, which of the following is true?
A. Normal appearing flow through the mitral valve
B. Mild mitral stenosis
C. Moderate mitral stenosis
D. moderate/severe mitral stenosis
E. Severe mitral stenosis
C. Left to right In a complete atrioventricular canal defect, the shunt is usually:
A. Bidirectional
B. Unidirectional
C. Left to right
D. Right to left
E. Right to left at the atrial level and left to right at the ventricular level
A. Coarctation of the aorta A 21 year old patient presents with a right arm BP of 140/95mmHg. You note
increased velocities and a narrowing of the aorta just distal to the left subclavian
artery. These findings suggest a diagnosis of:
A. Coarctation of the aorta
B. Interruption of the aortic arch type A
C. Interruption of the aortic arch type B
D. Interruption of the aortic arch type C
E. Double aortic arch
C. Crescendo-decrescendo harsh late systolic murmur The murmur associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is:
A. Wide split S2 murmur
B. Austin Flint murmur
C. Crescendo-decrescendo harsh late systolic murmur
D. Diastolic rumble murmur
E. Opening snap murmur
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