BRM - BRIDGE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT | UPDATED EXAM
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2026/2027
BRIDGE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (BRM)
1. What does the abbreviation BRM stand for?
A. Bridge Risk Mitigation
B. Bridge Resource Management
C. Bridge Radar Monitoring
D. Bridge Reporting Manual
Correct Answer: B. Bridge Resource Management
Explanation: BRM is the term for the effective use of all resources,
human and technical, available to the bridge team.
2. What is the main aim of Bridge Resource Management?
A. To reduce the number of officers needed on the bridge
B. To replace the master's judgement with written procedures
C. To speed up passages and save fuel
D. To make the best use of all available people, equipment and
information to keep navigation safe
Correct Answer: D. To make the best use of all available people,
equipment and information to keep navigation safe
Explanation: BRM is about safety. It does not remove the need for
people, it makes their combined effort more reliable.
Bridge Resource Management (BRM) | Page 1 of 58
,3. Which of the following is regarded as a resource under BRM?
A. The bridge team, the navigation equipment and the information
available to them
B. Only the officer of the watch
C. Only electronic navigation equipment
D. Only the information supplied by the shore authorities
Correct Answer: A. The bridge team, the navigation equipment and
the information available to them
Explanation: Resources include people, equipment and information,
and BRM looks at all three together.
4. From which industry were BRM principles adapted?
A. Offshore drilling
B. Shipbuilding
C. Aviation
D. Port operations
Correct Answer: C. Aviation
Explanation: BRM was adapted from Crew Resource Management,
which was developed in the airline industry.
5. Crew Resource Management was developed mainly because accident
studies showed that most accidents were caused by
A. Engine and structural failures
B. Poor weather forecasting
C. Failures in communication, leadership and decision making
D. Shortage of trained crew
Correct Answer: C. Failures in communication, leadership and decision
making
Explanation: Investigators found that technical faults were a smaller
cause than human and team failures.
Bridge Resource Management (BRM) | Page 2 of 58
,6. Which of these is a BRM competence listed in the STCW Code for officers
in charge of a navigational watch?
A. Allocation, assignment and prioritisation of resources
B. Repair of radar equipment
C. Preparation of cargo manifests
D. Calculation of ship stability
Correct Answer: A. Allocation, assignment and prioritisation of
resources
Explanation: Table A-II/1 lists resource allocation, effective
communication, assertiveness, leadership and situational awareness.
7. Studies of marine casualties generally show that the largest share of
accidents involve
A. Hull corrosion
B. Faulty lifesaving appliances
C. Unforeseen sea ice
D. Human factors
Correct Answer: D. Human factors
Explanation: Human error, often linked to teamwork and
communication, features in most casualty investigations.
8. James Reason's 'Swiss cheese' model explains that accidents happen
when
A. One person makes a single careless mistake
B. Holes in several layers of defence line up
C. Equipment fails without warning
D. The weather changes suddenly
Correct Answer: B. Holes in several layers of defence line up
Explanation: Each defence has weaknesses, and an accident occurs
when the weaknesses in different layers align.
Bridge Resource Management (BRM) | Page 3 of 58
, 9. A latent condition in an organisation is best described as
A. An error made by the officer on watch
B. A deliberate breach of a rule
C. A fault that is found and repaired at once
D. A hidden weakness that may lie dormant until something triggers it
Correct Answer: D. A hidden weakness that may lie dormant until
something triggers it
Explanation: Latent conditions such as poor procedures or bad design
can stay unnoticed for years.
10. The term 'error chain' means
A. A list of errors recorded in the logbook
B. A series of linked events which, if any one is broken, may prevent
the accident
C. A chain of command on the bridge
D. The anchor cable arrangement
Correct Answer: B. A series of linked events which, if any one is
broken, may prevent the accident
Explanation: Breaking any link in the chain gives the team a chance to
stop the accident.
11. A 'slip' is best described as
A. A plan that was wrong from the start
B. A deliberate breach of procedure
C. An action that was not what the person intended, although the plan
was correct
D. A failure of equipment
Correct Answer: C. An action that was not what the person intended,
although the plan was correct
Explanation: Pressing the wrong button while knowing the right one is
a typical slip.
Bridge Resource Management (BRM) | Page 4 of 58
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2026/2027
BRIDGE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (BRM)
1. What does the abbreviation BRM stand for?
A. Bridge Risk Mitigation
B. Bridge Resource Management
C. Bridge Radar Monitoring
D. Bridge Reporting Manual
Correct Answer: B. Bridge Resource Management
Explanation: BRM is the term for the effective use of all resources,
human and technical, available to the bridge team.
2. What is the main aim of Bridge Resource Management?
A. To reduce the number of officers needed on the bridge
B. To replace the master's judgement with written procedures
C. To speed up passages and save fuel
D. To make the best use of all available people, equipment and
information to keep navigation safe
Correct Answer: D. To make the best use of all available people,
equipment and information to keep navigation safe
Explanation: BRM is about safety. It does not remove the need for
people, it makes their combined effort more reliable.
Bridge Resource Management (BRM) | Page 1 of 58
,3. Which of the following is regarded as a resource under BRM?
A. The bridge team, the navigation equipment and the information
available to them
B. Only the officer of the watch
C. Only electronic navigation equipment
D. Only the information supplied by the shore authorities
Correct Answer: A. The bridge team, the navigation equipment and
the information available to them
Explanation: Resources include people, equipment and information,
and BRM looks at all three together.
4. From which industry were BRM principles adapted?
A. Offshore drilling
B. Shipbuilding
C. Aviation
D. Port operations
Correct Answer: C. Aviation
Explanation: BRM was adapted from Crew Resource Management,
which was developed in the airline industry.
5. Crew Resource Management was developed mainly because accident
studies showed that most accidents were caused by
A. Engine and structural failures
B. Poor weather forecasting
C. Failures in communication, leadership and decision making
D. Shortage of trained crew
Correct Answer: C. Failures in communication, leadership and decision
making
Explanation: Investigators found that technical faults were a smaller
cause than human and team failures.
Bridge Resource Management (BRM) | Page 2 of 58
,6. Which of these is a BRM competence listed in the STCW Code for officers
in charge of a navigational watch?
A. Allocation, assignment and prioritisation of resources
B. Repair of radar equipment
C. Preparation of cargo manifests
D. Calculation of ship stability
Correct Answer: A. Allocation, assignment and prioritisation of
resources
Explanation: Table A-II/1 lists resource allocation, effective
communication, assertiveness, leadership and situational awareness.
7. Studies of marine casualties generally show that the largest share of
accidents involve
A. Hull corrosion
B. Faulty lifesaving appliances
C. Unforeseen sea ice
D. Human factors
Correct Answer: D. Human factors
Explanation: Human error, often linked to teamwork and
communication, features in most casualty investigations.
8. James Reason's 'Swiss cheese' model explains that accidents happen
when
A. One person makes a single careless mistake
B. Holes in several layers of defence line up
C. Equipment fails without warning
D. The weather changes suddenly
Correct Answer: B. Holes in several layers of defence line up
Explanation: Each defence has weaknesses, and an accident occurs
when the weaknesses in different layers align.
Bridge Resource Management (BRM) | Page 3 of 58
, 9. A latent condition in an organisation is best described as
A. An error made by the officer on watch
B. A deliberate breach of a rule
C. A fault that is found and repaired at once
D. A hidden weakness that may lie dormant until something triggers it
Correct Answer: D. A hidden weakness that may lie dormant until
something triggers it
Explanation: Latent conditions such as poor procedures or bad design
can stay unnoticed for years.
10. The term 'error chain' means
A. A list of errors recorded in the logbook
B. A series of linked events which, if any one is broken, may prevent
the accident
C. A chain of command on the bridge
D. The anchor cable arrangement
Correct Answer: B. A series of linked events which, if any one is
broken, may prevent the accident
Explanation: Breaking any link in the chain gives the team a chance to
stop the accident.
11. A 'slip' is best described as
A. A plan that was wrong from the start
B. A deliberate breach of procedure
C. An action that was not what the person intended, although the plan
was correct
D. A failure of equipment
Correct Answer: C. An action that was not what the person intended,
although the plan was correct
Explanation: Pressing the wrong button while knowing the right one is
a typical slip.
Bridge Resource Management (BRM) | Page 4 of 58
