NSG5003
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Knowledge Check Quizzes — Weeks 1–10
Updated Edition
Verified Answers & Detailed Rationales on Every Question
Description Quality study material covering Weeks 1–10 quizzes with verified knowledge-check answers
for review. Original educational content with expanded practice volume.
Contents 600 multiple-choice knowledge-check questions. Correct answer and rationale appear
immediately under each question in a highlighted box.
How to use Cover the green answer box while attempting each question, then reveal to self-assess.
Review rationales carefully. Cross-check with your course textbooks.
Disclaimer Original study material for educational self-assessment only. Not an official university exam
and not affiliated with South University or any other institution.
Graduate Nursing Pathophysiology Review Series
,NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology | Weeks 1–10 Knowledge Checks 2026/2027 Updated
Week 1 — Cellular Biology, Adaptation & Injury
Week Focus: Cell structure, ATP, reversible vs irreversible injury, free radicals, necrosis patterns, apoptosis,
adaptations (atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia).
1. Which organelle is the primary site of ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation?
A. Golgi
B. Mitochondrion
C. RER
D. Lysosome
Correct Answer: B — Mitochondrion
Rationale: Mitochondria contain the electron transport chain and ATP synthase.
2. Replacement of one mature cell type by another is called:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C — Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is reversible substitution of one differentiated cell type for another.
3. Energy-dependent programmed cell death without inflammation is:
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Pyroptosis
D. Autophagy
Correct Answer: B — Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is orderly, ATP-requiring, non-inflammatory cell death.
4. Breast enlargement in pregnancy is an example of:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B — Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hormonal stimulation increases cell number (hyperplasia).
Original Study Material — Educational Use Only Page 2 Not Affiliated with Any University
,NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology | Weeks 1–10 Knowledge Checks 2026/2027 Updated
5. The most common cause of hypoxic injury is:
A. Toxins
B. Ischemia
C. Radiation
D. Malnutrition
Correct Answer: B — Ischemia
Rationale: Ischemia reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery.
6. Free-radical membrane damage occurs mainly by:
A. ATP depletion
B. Lipid peroxidation
C. Protein synthesis increase
D. DNA repair
Correct Answer: B — Lipid peroxidation
Rationale: ROS attack membrane lipids, causing peroxidation.
7. Decrease in cell size/number is:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B — Atrophy
Rationale: Atrophy is reduction in size of cells/tissue.
8. Nuclear features of necrosis include:
A. Only chromatin condensation
B. Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis
C. Nucleolar enlargement
D. Mitotic figures
Correct Answer: B — Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis
Rationale: These three nuclear changes define necrotic cell death.
Original Study Material — Educational Use Only Page 3 Not Affiliated with Any University
, NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology | Weeks 1–10 Knowledge Checks 2026/2027 Updated
9. Disordered growth with loss of polarity is:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: C — Dysplasia
Rationale: Dysplasia shows architectural and cytologic atypia.
10. Organelle containing acid hydrolases:
A. Mitochondrion
B. Lysosome
C. SER
D. Ribosome
Correct Answer: B — Lysosome
Rationale: Lysosomes degrade material via acid hydrolases.
11. CO causes injury by:
A. DNA alkylation
B. Binding hemoglobin with high affinity
C. Direct Na/K-ATPase block
D. Only ROS
Correct Answer: B — Binding hemoglobin with high affinity
Rationale: CO displaces O2 from hemoglobin.
12. Reperfusion injury is mediated largely by:
A. Immediate ATP recovery
B. ROS and inflammation
C. Decreased Ca2+
D. Antioxidant increase
Correct Answer: B — ROS and inflammation
Rationale: Reoxygenation generates ROS and recruits inflammatory cells.
Original Study Material — Educational Use Only Page 4 Not Affiliated with Any University
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Knowledge Check Quizzes — Weeks 1–10
Updated Edition
Verified Answers & Detailed Rationales on Every Question
Description Quality study material covering Weeks 1–10 quizzes with verified knowledge-check answers
for review. Original educational content with expanded practice volume.
Contents 600 multiple-choice knowledge-check questions. Correct answer and rationale appear
immediately under each question in a highlighted box.
How to use Cover the green answer box while attempting each question, then reveal to self-assess.
Review rationales carefully. Cross-check with your course textbooks.
Disclaimer Original study material for educational self-assessment only. Not an official university exam
and not affiliated with South University or any other institution.
Graduate Nursing Pathophysiology Review Series
,NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology | Weeks 1–10 Knowledge Checks 2026/2027 Updated
Week 1 — Cellular Biology, Adaptation & Injury
Week Focus: Cell structure, ATP, reversible vs irreversible injury, free radicals, necrosis patterns, apoptosis,
adaptations (atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia).
1. Which organelle is the primary site of ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation?
A. Golgi
B. Mitochondrion
C. RER
D. Lysosome
Correct Answer: B — Mitochondrion
Rationale: Mitochondria contain the electron transport chain and ATP synthase.
2. Replacement of one mature cell type by another is called:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C — Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is reversible substitution of one differentiated cell type for another.
3. Energy-dependent programmed cell death without inflammation is:
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Pyroptosis
D. Autophagy
Correct Answer: B — Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is orderly, ATP-requiring, non-inflammatory cell death.
4. Breast enlargement in pregnancy is an example of:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B — Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hormonal stimulation increases cell number (hyperplasia).
Original Study Material — Educational Use Only Page 2 Not Affiliated with Any University
,NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology | Weeks 1–10 Knowledge Checks 2026/2027 Updated
5. The most common cause of hypoxic injury is:
A. Toxins
B. Ischemia
C. Radiation
D. Malnutrition
Correct Answer: B — Ischemia
Rationale: Ischemia reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery.
6. Free-radical membrane damage occurs mainly by:
A. ATP depletion
B. Lipid peroxidation
C. Protein synthesis increase
D. DNA repair
Correct Answer: B — Lipid peroxidation
Rationale: ROS attack membrane lipids, causing peroxidation.
7. Decrease in cell size/number is:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B — Atrophy
Rationale: Atrophy is reduction in size of cells/tissue.
8. Nuclear features of necrosis include:
A. Only chromatin condensation
B. Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis
C. Nucleolar enlargement
D. Mitotic figures
Correct Answer: B — Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis
Rationale: These three nuclear changes define necrotic cell death.
Original Study Material — Educational Use Only Page 3 Not Affiliated with Any University
, NSG5003 Advanced Pathophysiology | Weeks 1–10 Knowledge Checks 2026/2027 Updated
9. Disordered growth with loss of polarity is:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: C — Dysplasia
Rationale: Dysplasia shows architectural and cytologic atypia.
10. Organelle containing acid hydrolases:
A. Mitochondrion
B. Lysosome
C. SER
D. Ribosome
Correct Answer: B — Lysosome
Rationale: Lysosomes degrade material via acid hydrolases.
11. CO causes injury by:
A. DNA alkylation
B. Binding hemoglobin with high affinity
C. Direct Na/K-ATPase block
D. Only ROS
Correct Answer: B — Binding hemoglobin with high affinity
Rationale: CO displaces O2 from hemoglobin.
12. Reperfusion injury is mediated largely by:
A. Immediate ATP recovery
B. ROS and inflammation
C. Decreased Ca2+
D. Antioxidant increase
Correct Answer: B — ROS and inflammation
Rationale: Reoxygenation generates ROS and recruits inflammatory cells.
Original Study Material — Educational Use Only Page 4 Not Affiliated with Any University
