VASCULAR NEUROLOGY & COGNITIVE DISORDERS
Kitagawa et al. (1984)
Multi-Infarct Dementia
PRACTICE EXAMINATION
With Correct Answers & Rationales Immediately After Every Question
2026–2027 Edition
Format 374 multiple-choice questions. Correct answer + full rationale printed directly under each question.
How to use Cover the green answer box with a card while you attempt the question, then reveal to check.
Content Landmark Kitagawa et al. (1984) CT-CBF study and related vascular dementia / MID concepts.
INSTRUCTIONS
• Choose the best answer for each question.
• The correct answer letter, the text of the correct option, and a detailed rationale appear in a green box immediately under every
question.
• For self-testing: cover the green box while answering, then uncover to check.
• Educational / self-assessment use only.
Primary Reference: Kitagawa Y, et al. CT-CBF correlations of cognitive deficits in multi-infarct dementia. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1000-1009.
Vascular Neurology & Cognitive Disorders Review Series
,Kitagawa et al. (1984) MID Practice Exam — Answers & Rationales Included 2026–2027
Section 1: Background & Clinical Context
1. What is the full citation for the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. Kitagawa Y, Meyer JS, Tachibana H, Mortel KF, Rogers RL. CT-CBF correlations of cognitive deficits in multi-infarct
dementia. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1000-1009.
B. Kitagawa Y, et al. Multi-infarct dementia: a review. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1000-1009.
C. Kitagawa Y, et al. Cognitive deficits in vascular dementia. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1000-1009.
D. Kitagawa Y, et al. CT-CBF correlations in Alzheimer's disease. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1000-1009.
Correct Answer: A — Kitagawa Y, Meyer JS, Tachibana H, Mortel KF, Rogers RL. CT-CBF correlations of
cognitive deficits in multi-infarct dementia. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1000-1009.
Rationale: The full citation is Kitagawa Y, Meyer JS, Tachibana H, Mortel KF, Rogers RL. CT-CBF correlations of cognitive
deficits in multi-infarct dementia. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1000-1009.
2. In what journal was the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study published?
A. Neurology
B. Stroke
C. JAMA
D. Brain
Correct Answer: B — Stroke
Rationale: The study was published in Stroke, Volume 15, Issue 6, 1984.
3. What was the primary focus of the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. To correlate cognitive deficits with cerebral blood flow and CT findings in multi-infarct dementia
B. To compare Alzheimer's disease with multi-infarct dementia
C. To develop a new treatment for multi-infarct dementia
D. To study the genetic basis of multi-infarct dementia
Correct Answer: A — To correlate cognitive deficits with cerebral blood flow and CT findings in multi-infarct
dementia
Rationale: The study focused on correlating cognitive deficits with local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and CT findings in patients
with multi-infarct dementia.
4. How many patients were included in the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. 10
B. 15
C. 20
D. 25
Correct Answer: B — 15
Rationale: Fifteen right-handed patients with Multi-Infarct Dementia were included in the study.
5. What was the handedness of the patients in the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. All left-handed
B. All right-handed
C. Mixed handedness
D. Not specified
Correct Answer: B — All right-handed
Rationale: All fifteen patients were right-handed.
Practice Exam with Answers — Educational Use Only Page 2 Do Not Distribute
,Kitagawa et al. (1984) MID Practice Exam — Answers & Rationales Included 2026–2027
6. What cognitive testing instrument was used in the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
B. Jacobs Mini-Mental Scale (MMQ)
C. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
D. Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS)
Correct Answer: B — Jacobs Mini-Mental Scale (MMQ)
Rationale: Cognitive testing was performed using the Jacobs Mini-Mental Scale (MMQ).
7. What imaging technique was used in the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. MRI
B. PET scan
C. Xenon contrast CT scanning
D. Functional MRI
Correct Answer: C — Xenon contrast CT scanning
Rationale: Xenon contrast CT scanning was used to measure local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and local partition coefficient
(Lλ) values.
8. What does LCBF stand for in the context of the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. Local Cerebral Blood Flow
B. Lateral Cerebral Blood Flow
C. Lower Cerebral Blood Flow
D. Longitudinal Cerebral Blood Flow
Correct Answer: A — Local Cerebral Blood Flow
Rationale: LCBF stands for Local Cerebral Blood Flow, which was measured in the study.
9. What does Lλ stand for in the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. Local Lambda (partition coefficient)
B. Lateral Lambda
C. Lower Lambda
D. Longitudinal Lambda
Correct Answer: A — Local Lambda (partition coefficient)
Rationale: Lλ refers to the local partition coefficient, which was measured by stable xenon contrast CT scanning.
10. What is the Hachinski Ischemic Scale used for?
A. To differentiate multi-infarct dementia from Alzheimer's disease
B. To measure cognitive function
C. To measure cerebral blood flow
D. To diagnose stroke
Correct Answer: A — To differentiate multi-infarct dementia from Alzheimer's disease
Rationale: The Hachinski Ischemic Scale is used to differentiate multi-infarct dementia from Alzheimer's disease.
11. What is the term "multi-infarct dementia" (MID) used to describe?
A. Dementia caused by multiple strokes or infarcts in the brain
B. Dementia caused by a single large stroke
C. Dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease
D. Dementia caused by head trauma
Correct Answer: A — Dementia caused by multiple strokes or infarcts in the brain
Rationale: Multi-infarct dementia is a type of vascular dementia caused by multiple strokes or infarcts in the brain.
Practice Exam with Answers — Educational Use Only Page 3 Do Not Distribute
, Kitagawa et al. (1984) MID Practice Exam — Answers & Rationales Included 2026–2027
12. When was the term "multi-infarct dementia" introduced?
A. 1954
B. 1964
C. 1974
D. 1984
Correct Answer: C — 1974
Rationale: The term multi-infarct dementia was introduced in 1974.
13. What is the relationship between multi-infarct dementia and vascular dementia?
A. Multi-infarct dementia is a subtype of vascular dementia
B. Vascular dementia is a subtype of multi-infarct dementia
C. They are the same condition
D. They are unrelated conditions
Correct Answer: A — Multi-infarct dementia is a subtype of vascular dementia
Rationale: Multi-infarct dementia is a subtype of vascular dementia.
14. What percentage of dementia cases are attributable to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID)?
A. About 5%
B. About 10%
C. About 20%
D. About 50%
Correct Answer: C — About 20%
Rationale: About 20% of dementia cases are directly attributable to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia.
15. What is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease?
A. Lewy body dementia
B. Frontotemporal dementia
C. Vascular dementia
D. Parkinson's disease dementia
Correct Answer: C — Vascular dementia
Rationale: Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease.
16. What are common signs and symptoms of multi-infarct dementia?
A. Poor attention, aphasia, disinhibition, hemiparesis, and impairment of vision
B. Memory loss only
C. Language difficulties only
D. Motor problems only
Correct Answer: A — Poor attention, aphasia, disinhibition, hemiparesis, and impairment of vision
Rationale: Common signs and symptoms include poor attention, aphasia, disinhibition, hemiparesis, and impairment of vision
and other sensory modalities.
17. What is the typical clinical course of multi-infarct dementia?
A. Abrupt onset and stepwise deterioration
B. Insidious onset and gradual decline
C. Stable course with no progression
D. Rapid decline over weeks
Correct Answer: A — Abrupt onset and stepwise deterioration
Rationale: The typical clinical course of MID is characterized by abrupt onset and stepwise deterioration.
Practice Exam with Answers — Educational Use Only Page 4 Do Not Distribute
Kitagawa et al. (1984)
Multi-Infarct Dementia
PRACTICE EXAMINATION
With Correct Answers & Rationales Immediately After Every Question
2026–2027 Edition
Format 374 multiple-choice questions. Correct answer + full rationale printed directly under each question.
How to use Cover the green answer box with a card while you attempt the question, then reveal to check.
Content Landmark Kitagawa et al. (1984) CT-CBF study and related vascular dementia / MID concepts.
INSTRUCTIONS
• Choose the best answer for each question.
• The correct answer letter, the text of the correct option, and a detailed rationale appear in a green box immediately under every
question.
• For self-testing: cover the green box while answering, then uncover to check.
• Educational / self-assessment use only.
Primary Reference: Kitagawa Y, et al. CT-CBF correlations of cognitive deficits in multi-infarct dementia. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1000-1009.
Vascular Neurology & Cognitive Disorders Review Series
,Kitagawa et al. (1984) MID Practice Exam — Answers & Rationales Included 2026–2027
Section 1: Background & Clinical Context
1. What is the full citation for the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. Kitagawa Y, Meyer JS, Tachibana H, Mortel KF, Rogers RL. CT-CBF correlations of cognitive deficits in multi-infarct
dementia. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1000-1009.
B. Kitagawa Y, et al. Multi-infarct dementia: a review. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1000-1009.
C. Kitagawa Y, et al. Cognitive deficits in vascular dementia. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1000-1009.
D. Kitagawa Y, et al. CT-CBF correlations in Alzheimer's disease. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1000-1009.
Correct Answer: A — Kitagawa Y, Meyer JS, Tachibana H, Mortel KF, Rogers RL. CT-CBF correlations of
cognitive deficits in multi-infarct dementia. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1000-1009.
Rationale: The full citation is Kitagawa Y, Meyer JS, Tachibana H, Mortel KF, Rogers RL. CT-CBF correlations of cognitive
deficits in multi-infarct dementia. Stroke. 1984;15(6):1000-1009.
2. In what journal was the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study published?
A. Neurology
B. Stroke
C. JAMA
D. Brain
Correct Answer: B — Stroke
Rationale: The study was published in Stroke, Volume 15, Issue 6, 1984.
3. What was the primary focus of the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. To correlate cognitive deficits with cerebral blood flow and CT findings in multi-infarct dementia
B. To compare Alzheimer's disease with multi-infarct dementia
C. To develop a new treatment for multi-infarct dementia
D. To study the genetic basis of multi-infarct dementia
Correct Answer: A — To correlate cognitive deficits with cerebral blood flow and CT findings in multi-infarct
dementia
Rationale: The study focused on correlating cognitive deficits with local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and CT findings in patients
with multi-infarct dementia.
4. How many patients were included in the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. 10
B. 15
C. 20
D. 25
Correct Answer: B — 15
Rationale: Fifteen right-handed patients with Multi-Infarct Dementia were included in the study.
5. What was the handedness of the patients in the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. All left-handed
B. All right-handed
C. Mixed handedness
D. Not specified
Correct Answer: B — All right-handed
Rationale: All fifteen patients were right-handed.
Practice Exam with Answers — Educational Use Only Page 2 Do Not Distribute
,Kitagawa et al. (1984) MID Practice Exam — Answers & Rationales Included 2026–2027
6. What cognitive testing instrument was used in the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
B. Jacobs Mini-Mental Scale (MMQ)
C. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
D. Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS)
Correct Answer: B — Jacobs Mini-Mental Scale (MMQ)
Rationale: Cognitive testing was performed using the Jacobs Mini-Mental Scale (MMQ).
7. What imaging technique was used in the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. MRI
B. PET scan
C. Xenon contrast CT scanning
D. Functional MRI
Correct Answer: C — Xenon contrast CT scanning
Rationale: Xenon contrast CT scanning was used to measure local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and local partition coefficient
(Lλ) values.
8. What does LCBF stand for in the context of the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. Local Cerebral Blood Flow
B. Lateral Cerebral Blood Flow
C. Lower Cerebral Blood Flow
D. Longitudinal Cerebral Blood Flow
Correct Answer: A — Local Cerebral Blood Flow
Rationale: LCBF stands for Local Cerebral Blood Flow, which was measured in the study.
9. What does Lλ stand for in the Kitagawa et al. (1984) study?
A. Local Lambda (partition coefficient)
B. Lateral Lambda
C. Lower Lambda
D. Longitudinal Lambda
Correct Answer: A — Local Lambda (partition coefficient)
Rationale: Lλ refers to the local partition coefficient, which was measured by stable xenon contrast CT scanning.
10. What is the Hachinski Ischemic Scale used for?
A. To differentiate multi-infarct dementia from Alzheimer's disease
B. To measure cognitive function
C. To measure cerebral blood flow
D. To diagnose stroke
Correct Answer: A — To differentiate multi-infarct dementia from Alzheimer's disease
Rationale: The Hachinski Ischemic Scale is used to differentiate multi-infarct dementia from Alzheimer's disease.
11. What is the term "multi-infarct dementia" (MID) used to describe?
A. Dementia caused by multiple strokes or infarcts in the brain
B. Dementia caused by a single large stroke
C. Dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease
D. Dementia caused by head trauma
Correct Answer: A — Dementia caused by multiple strokes or infarcts in the brain
Rationale: Multi-infarct dementia is a type of vascular dementia caused by multiple strokes or infarcts in the brain.
Practice Exam with Answers — Educational Use Only Page 3 Do Not Distribute
, Kitagawa et al. (1984) MID Practice Exam — Answers & Rationales Included 2026–2027
12. When was the term "multi-infarct dementia" introduced?
A. 1954
B. 1964
C. 1974
D. 1984
Correct Answer: C — 1974
Rationale: The term multi-infarct dementia was introduced in 1974.
13. What is the relationship between multi-infarct dementia and vascular dementia?
A. Multi-infarct dementia is a subtype of vascular dementia
B. Vascular dementia is a subtype of multi-infarct dementia
C. They are the same condition
D. They are unrelated conditions
Correct Answer: A — Multi-infarct dementia is a subtype of vascular dementia
Rationale: Multi-infarct dementia is a subtype of vascular dementia.
14. What percentage of dementia cases are attributable to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID)?
A. About 5%
B. About 10%
C. About 20%
D. About 50%
Correct Answer: C — About 20%
Rationale: About 20% of dementia cases are directly attributable to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia.
15. What is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease?
A. Lewy body dementia
B. Frontotemporal dementia
C. Vascular dementia
D. Parkinson's disease dementia
Correct Answer: C — Vascular dementia
Rationale: Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease.
16. What are common signs and symptoms of multi-infarct dementia?
A. Poor attention, aphasia, disinhibition, hemiparesis, and impairment of vision
B. Memory loss only
C. Language difficulties only
D. Motor problems only
Correct Answer: A — Poor attention, aphasia, disinhibition, hemiparesis, and impairment of vision
Rationale: Common signs and symptoms include poor attention, aphasia, disinhibition, hemiparesis, and impairment of vision
and other sensory modalities.
17. What is the typical clinical course of multi-infarct dementia?
A. Abrupt onset and stepwise deterioration
B. Insidious onset and gradual decline
C. Stable course with no progression
D. Rapid decline over weeks
Correct Answer: A — Abrupt onset and stepwise deterioration
Rationale: The typical clinical course of MID is characterized by abrupt onset and stepwise deterioration.
Practice Exam with Answers — Educational Use Only Page 4 Do Not Distribute
