BIOS 256 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
II COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
|GRADE A+| CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE
OF NURSING
1. Which of the following physiological changes occurs as a direct result of the Bohr effect?
A. Increased pH leads to a higher affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
B. Decreased pH and increased PCO2 decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
C. Increased temperature increases the binding of carbon monoxide to hemoglobin.
D. Decreased 2,3-BPG levels shift the oxygen-dissociation curve to the right.
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: The Bohr effect describes how hydrogen ions (low pH) and
carbon dioxide affect the hemoglobin-oxygen binding affinity. Specifically, an increase in
CO2 or a decrease in pH reduces affinity, facilitating oxygen unloading in tissues.
2. In the cardiac cycle, the term ‘isovolumetric contraction’ refers to the phase where:
A. All four valves are open and blood flows into the aorta.
B. The atria contract to fill the ventricles to their maximum capacity.
,C. Ventricles contract while all valves are closed, increasing pressure without changing
volume.
D. The semilunar valves open to allow blood to exit the heart rapidly.
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Isovolumetric contraction occurs at the start of systole when
ventricular pressure rises, closing the AV valves, but is not yet high enough to open the
semilunar valves. Volume remains constant while pressure spikes.
3. Which of the following describes the mechanism of action for the hormone Aldosterone in
the nephron?
A. It increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by inserting aquaporins.
B. It causes systemic vasodilation to lower glomerular filtration rate.
C. It inhibits the sodium-potassium-chloride symporter in the Loop of Henle.
D. It stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium in the distal tubule
and collecting duct.
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, acts on the late distal
convoluted tubule and collecting ducts to upregulate Na+/K+ pumps, leading to sodium
reabsorption and potassium excretion.
, 4. During the ‘Chloride Shift’ in systemic gas exchange, which of the following occurs?
A. Chloride ions enter the erythrocyte to balance the exit of bicarbonate ions.
B. Chloride ions leave the erythrocyte as bicarbonate enters.
C. Sodium ions move into the plasma to neutralize carbonic acid.
D. Chloride binds directly to hemoglobin to displace oxygen.
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: To maintain electrical neutrality (the Hamburger phenomenon),
chloride ions move into the RBC when bicarbonate ions move out into the plasma during
systemic gas exchange.
5. A patient with Type B+ blood can safely receive a packed red blood cell transfusion from
which of the following donors?
A. AB+ and B+
B. AB- and O-
C. B+ and A-
D. O+ and B-
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Type B+ individuals have B and Rh antigens. They can receive
from O+, O-, B+, and B-. They cannot receive AB or A blood due to anti-A antibodies.
II COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
|GRADE A+| CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE
OF NURSING
1. Which of the following physiological changes occurs as a direct result of the Bohr effect?
A. Increased pH leads to a higher affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
B. Decreased pH and increased PCO2 decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
C. Increased temperature increases the binding of carbon monoxide to hemoglobin.
D. Decreased 2,3-BPG levels shift the oxygen-dissociation curve to the right.
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: The Bohr effect describes how hydrogen ions (low pH) and
carbon dioxide affect the hemoglobin-oxygen binding affinity. Specifically, an increase in
CO2 or a decrease in pH reduces affinity, facilitating oxygen unloading in tissues.
2. In the cardiac cycle, the term ‘isovolumetric contraction’ refers to the phase where:
A. All four valves are open and blood flows into the aorta.
B. The atria contract to fill the ventricles to their maximum capacity.
,C. Ventricles contract while all valves are closed, increasing pressure without changing
volume.
D. The semilunar valves open to allow blood to exit the heart rapidly.
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Isovolumetric contraction occurs at the start of systole when
ventricular pressure rises, closing the AV valves, but is not yet high enough to open the
semilunar valves. Volume remains constant while pressure spikes.
3. Which of the following describes the mechanism of action for the hormone Aldosterone in
the nephron?
A. It increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by inserting aquaporins.
B. It causes systemic vasodilation to lower glomerular filtration rate.
C. It inhibits the sodium-potassium-chloride symporter in the Loop of Henle.
D. It stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium in the distal tubule
and collecting duct.
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, acts on the late distal
convoluted tubule and collecting ducts to upregulate Na+/K+ pumps, leading to sodium
reabsorption and potassium excretion.
, 4. During the ‘Chloride Shift’ in systemic gas exchange, which of the following occurs?
A. Chloride ions enter the erythrocyte to balance the exit of bicarbonate ions.
B. Chloride ions leave the erythrocyte as bicarbonate enters.
C. Sodium ions move into the plasma to neutralize carbonic acid.
D. Chloride binds directly to hemoglobin to displace oxygen.
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: To maintain electrical neutrality (the Hamburger phenomenon),
chloride ions move into the RBC when bicarbonate ions move out into the plasma during
systemic gas exchange.
5. A patient with Type B+ blood can safely receive a packed red blood cell transfusion from
which of the following donors?
A. AB+ and B+
B. AB- and O-
C. B+ and A-
D. O+ and B-
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Type B+ individuals have B and Rh antigens. They can receive
from O+, O-, B+, and B-. They cannot receive AB or A blood due to anti-A antibodies.
