ANSC 3040 MIDTERM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
Why study reproductive biology?* - Answers - -reproduction is important for efficiency,
which is important for food production
-economic viability
-reproduction plays a role in milk production because the female needs to give birth to a
calf so she can lactate and produce milk
-diseases might occur related to the reproductive system
-animal reproductive models can be used for human reproductive research
-hormones in livestock affect reproduction
What are the opportunities in reproductive biology?* - Answers - -endangered species
-pharmaceuticals
-companion animals
-lactation and nursing
-human medicine (Ob/Gyn)
-reproductive health (diseases)
-genetics
-assisted reproductive technologies
-veterinary medicine
-domestic animals (food)
-molecular biology
-endocrinology (hormones)
-gamete preservation
1) What did Aristotle propose?
2) What did Fallopiius discover?
3) What did Coiter discover and describe?
4) What did de Graaf discover and describe?
5) What did van Leeuwenhoek discover and describe?
6) What did Spallanzani hypothesize?
7) What did Dumas prove?
8) Describe the beginning of modern reproductive physiology* - Answers - 1) that the
fetus originates from menstrual blood
2) the oviduct (and described it)
3) the corpus lute
4) the antral follicle
5) spermatozoa in semen
6) that spermatozoa were the fertilizing agents and successfully artificially inseminated
a dog
7) that spermatozoa were the fertilizing agents
8) -artificial insemination
-biochemical pregnancy detection
,-cloning
-contraception
-embryo culture/transfer
-endocrinology
-estrous synchronization
-frozen semen
-in-vitro fertilization
-sex selected semen and embryos
1) What did Aristotle describe?
2) What did Leonardo Da Vinci describe?
3) What did William Harvey describe?* - Answers - 1) the 'generation of animals'
2) 'the copulation'
3) that all things come from an egg
How is reproduction regulated?* - Answers - -interplay between the endocrine system
and the nervous system
-combination of hormones and neuron signalling between the hypothalamus, pituitary,
and gonads
What is a hormone?* - Answers - -hormones are signalling molecules that modulate the
activity of a target tissue
-hormones are synthesized by particular endocrine glands and then secreted in the
bloodstream to be carried to a target tissue some distance away, which has specific
receptors that bind the hormone
How are hormones classified?* - Answers - -source
-mode of action
-biochemical classification
1) What are the sources of hormones?
2) What are the modes of action classifications of hormones?
3) What are the biochemical classifications of hormones?* - Answers - 1) -
hypothalamus (kisspeptin, GnRH)
-pituitary (FSH, LH)
-gonads (Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone, Inhibin)
-uterus (prostaglandins)
-placenta (placental lactogen, eCG, hCG, progesterone, estrogen)
2) -releasing hormones (GnRH)
-gonadotropins (FSH, LH)-tropin=affinity; placental gonadotropins (eCG, hCG)
-sexual promoters (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
-pregnancy maintenance hormones (progesterone, placental lactogen, eCG, hCG)
-luteolytic hormones (PGF2alpha)
3) -peptides (GnRH)
-glycoproteins (FSH, LH)
-steroids (estrogen, progesterone)
,-eicosanoids (PGF2alpha, PGE2)
What are the five elements of hormone action?* - Answers - -synthesis
-secretion
-transport to target tissue
-receptor binding in target cell
-clearance
1) What is involved in hormone synthesis?
2) What is involved in hormone secretion?
3) What is involved in hormone transport to target tissue?
4) What is involved in receptor binding in target cell for hormones?
5) What is involved in hormone clearance?* - Answers - 1) -substrate
-cell machinery for synthesis/conversion
-regulation by feedback
2) -pattern and duration
-regulation by feedback
3) -biochemical structure-solubility in plasma-carrier proteins
4) -receptors expression and specificity
-biochemical structure of the molecule
-slow vs fast responses
5) -half-life
-inactivation
-degradation
1) What is the substrate for peptide hormones?
2) What is the sequence of events for peptide hormone synthesis?* - Answers - 1) -
amino acids
2) -transcription of the peptide gene-->peptide mRNA
-translation of peptide mRNA-->peptide
-post-translation modification-->peptide with tertiary structure
1) What is the substrate for glycoprotein hormones?
2) What is the sequence of events for glycoproteins?* - Answers - 1) amino acids and
carbohydrates
2) -transcription of the polypeptide genes-->polypeptides mRNAs
-translation of polypeptides mRNAs-->polypeptides or subunits
-post-translation modification-->glycosylation and quaternary structure of the protein
1) What is the substrate for the synthesis of steroids?
2) What does the synthesis of steroids depend on?
3) What are the steps in the synthesis of the enzymes for steroids?* - Answers - 1)
cholesterol
2) -the activity of multiple enzymes involved in the synthesis and conversion of
cholesterol
3) -transcription, translation, post-translation modification, activity
, 1) What is the substrate for the synthesis of eicosanoids?
2) What is required for the synthesis of eicosanoids?* - Answers - 1) arachidonic acid
2) enzymes for mobilization and conversion of fatty acids (which require transcription,
translation, post-translation modification, and activity)
1) What are the three different patterns/durations of hormone secretion?
2) Describe episodic secretion* - Answers - 1) -episodic
-basal
-sustained
2) -hormone released in bursts, varying in duration and quantity
-example: hypothalamic neurohormones (GnRH) and downstream hormones in AP (LH)
-predictable=pulsatile secretion (estrous cycling animals)
Describe basal secretion* - Answers - -hormone remains low and fluctuates with
amplitude
-example: GnRH from the tonic centre in the hypothalamus
Describe sustained secretion* - Answers - -steady secretion for extended time
-steroids
1) Describe regulation by feedback
2) Give two examples of interactions among hormones and metabolites for feedback
regulation* - Answers - 1) -affect synthesis and/or secretion of hormones
-represents a fine tune control of hormone secretion
-there are positive and negative feedbacks
-there are interactions among hormones and metabolites
2) -high estradiol with low progesterone: GnRH surge and LH peak
-high estradiol with high progesterone: no GnRH surge and no LH peak
What are the key hormones that control the bovine reproductive cycles?* - Answers - -
protein/peptides: GnRH, kisspeptin, GnIH, FSH and LH, inhibin
-steroids: estradiol and progesterone
-fatty-acid derived: prostaglandin F2alpha
Describe steroid hormone transport in blood* - Answers - -steroids and eicosanoids are
non polar structures-lipids
-not soluble in water
-transport proteins: facilitate transport, and protect and increase t1/2
What is vital for hormone receptor binding?* - Answers - -specific cells in target tissues
-lock/key mechanism (geometric configuration)
1) What are the main ideas when the hormone heads toward the cell membrane
receptor?
2) What regulates the degree of stimulation?* - Answers - 1) -hormone-specific
ANSWERS
Why study reproductive biology?* - Answers - -reproduction is important for efficiency,
which is important for food production
-economic viability
-reproduction plays a role in milk production because the female needs to give birth to a
calf so she can lactate and produce milk
-diseases might occur related to the reproductive system
-animal reproductive models can be used for human reproductive research
-hormones in livestock affect reproduction
What are the opportunities in reproductive biology?* - Answers - -endangered species
-pharmaceuticals
-companion animals
-lactation and nursing
-human medicine (Ob/Gyn)
-reproductive health (diseases)
-genetics
-assisted reproductive technologies
-veterinary medicine
-domestic animals (food)
-molecular biology
-endocrinology (hormones)
-gamete preservation
1) What did Aristotle propose?
2) What did Fallopiius discover?
3) What did Coiter discover and describe?
4) What did de Graaf discover and describe?
5) What did van Leeuwenhoek discover and describe?
6) What did Spallanzani hypothesize?
7) What did Dumas prove?
8) Describe the beginning of modern reproductive physiology* - Answers - 1) that the
fetus originates from menstrual blood
2) the oviduct (and described it)
3) the corpus lute
4) the antral follicle
5) spermatozoa in semen
6) that spermatozoa were the fertilizing agents and successfully artificially inseminated
a dog
7) that spermatozoa were the fertilizing agents
8) -artificial insemination
-biochemical pregnancy detection
,-cloning
-contraception
-embryo culture/transfer
-endocrinology
-estrous synchronization
-frozen semen
-in-vitro fertilization
-sex selected semen and embryos
1) What did Aristotle describe?
2) What did Leonardo Da Vinci describe?
3) What did William Harvey describe?* - Answers - 1) the 'generation of animals'
2) 'the copulation'
3) that all things come from an egg
How is reproduction regulated?* - Answers - -interplay between the endocrine system
and the nervous system
-combination of hormones and neuron signalling between the hypothalamus, pituitary,
and gonads
What is a hormone?* - Answers - -hormones are signalling molecules that modulate the
activity of a target tissue
-hormones are synthesized by particular endocrine glands and then secreted in the
bloodstream to be carried to a target tissue some distance away, which has specific
receptors that bind the hormone
How are hormones classified?* - Answers - -source
-mode of action
-biochemical classification
1) What are the sources of hormones?
2) What are the modes of action classifications of hormones?
3) What are the biochemical classifications of hormones?* - Answers - 1) -
hypothalamus (kisspeptin, GnRH)
-pituitary (FSH, LH)
-gonads (Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone, Inhibin)
-uterus (prostaglandins)
-placenta (placental lactogen, eCG, hCG, progesterone, estrogen)
2) -releasing hormones (GnRH)
-gonadotropins (FSH, LH)-tropin=affinity; placental gonadotropins (eCG, hCG)
-sexual promoters (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)
-pregnancy maintenance hormones (progesterone, placental lactogen, eCG, hCG)
-luteolytic hormones (PGF2alpha)
3) -peptides (GnRH)
-glycoproteins (FSH, LH)
-steroids (estrogen, progesterone)
,-eicosanoids (PGF2alpha, PGE2)
What are the five elements of hormone action?* - Answers - -synthesis
-secretion
-transport to target tissue
-receptor binding in target cell
-clearance
1) What is involved in hormone synthesis?
2) What is involved in hormone secretion?
3) What is involved in hormone transport to target tissue?
4) What is involved in receptor binding in target cell for hormones?
5) What is involved in hormone clearance?* - Answers - 1) -substrate
-cell machinery for synthesis/conversion
-regulation by feedback
2) -pattern and duration
-regulation by feedback
3) -biochemical structure-solubility in plasma-carrier proteins
4) -receptors expression and specificity
-biochemical structure of the molecule
-slow vs fast responses
5) -half-life
-inactivation
-degradation
1) What is the substrate for peptide hormones?
2) What is the sequence of events for peptide hormone synthesis?* - Answers - 1) -
amino acids
2) -transcription of the peptide gene-->peptide mRNA
-translation of peptide mRNA-->peptide
-post-translation modification-->peptide with tertiary structure
1) What is the substrate for glycoprotein hormones?
2) What is the sequence of events for glycoproteins?* - Answers - 1) amino acids and
carbohydrates
2) -transcription of the polypeptide genes-->polypeptides mRNAs
-translation of polypeptides mRNAs-->polypeptides or subunits
-post-translation modification-->glycosylation and quaternary structure of the protein
1) What is the substrate for the synthesis of steroids?
2) What does the synthesis of steroids depend on?
3) What are the steps in the synthesis of the enzymes for steroids?* - Answers - 1)
cholesterol
2) -the activity of multiple enzymes involved in the synthesis and conversion of
cholesterol
3) -transcription, translation, post-translation modification, activity
, 1) What is the substrate for the synthesis of eicosanoids?
2) What is required for the synthesis of eicosanoids?* - Answers - 1) arachidonic acid
2) enzymes for mobilization and conversion of fatty acids (which require transcription,
translation, post-translation modification, and activity)
1) What are the three different patterns/durations of hormone secretion?
2) Describe episodic secretion* - Answers - 1) -episodic
-basal
-sustained
2) -hormone released in bursts, varying in duration and quantity
-example: hypothalamic neurohormones (GnRH) and downstream hormones in AP (LH)
-predictable=pulsatile secretion (estrous cycling animals)
Describe basal secretion* - Answers - -hormone remains low and fluctuates with
amplitude
-example: GnRH from the tonic centre in the hypothalamus
Describe sustained secretion* - Answers - -steady secretion for extended time
-steroids
1) Describe regulation by feedback
2) Give two examples of interactions among hormones and metabolites for feedback
regulation* - Answers - 1) -affect synthesis and/or secretion of hormones
-represents a fine tune control of hormone secretion
-there are positive and negative feedbacks
-there are interactions among hormones and metabolites
2) -high estradiol with low progesterone: GnRH surge and LH peak
-high estradiol with high progesterone: no GnRH surge and no LH peak
What are the key hormones that control the bovine reproductive cycles?* - Answers - -
protein/peptides: GnRH, kisspeptin, GnIH, FSH and LH, inhibin
-steroids: estradiol and progesterone
-fatty-acid derived: prostaglandin F2alpha
Describe steroid hormone transport in blood* - Answers - -steroids and eicosanoids are
non polar structures-lipids
-not soluble in water
-transport proteins: facilitate transport, and protect and increase t1/2
What is vital for hormone receptor binding?* - Answers - -specific cells in target tissues
-lock/key mechanism (geometric configuration)
1) What are the main ideas when the hormone heads toward the cell membrane
receptor?
2) What regulates the degree of stimulation?* - Answers - 1) -hormone-specific
