NSG 500: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
|GRADE A+| JUST RELEASED
1. A patient is diagnosed with Barrett esophagus. This conversion of one mature cell type to
another in response to chronic irritation is known as:
A. Dysplasia
B. Anaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often as an adaptation to chronic irritation or inflammation.
2. Which of the following processes occurs during the early stage of cellular hypoxia?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Decreased intracellular sodium concentration
,C. Alkalosis of the intracellular environment
D. Cellular swelling due to Na+/K+ pump failure
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to ATP depletion, causing the failure of the
sodium-potassium pump, which results in sodium accumulation inside the cell and
subsequent osmotic swelling.
3. In the context of fluid and electrolyte balance, which hormone is primarily responsible for
the reabsorption of water independently of sodium in the collecting ducts?
A. Aldosterone
B. Angiotensin II
C. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
D. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: ADH increases the permeability of the distal tubule and
collecting duct to water, facilitating water reabsorption via aquaporins.
4. A patient presents with a serum pH of 7.25, PCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3- of 26 mEq/L.
Which acid-base imbalance is present?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Acidosis
, C. Respiratory Alkalosis
D. Metabolic Alkalosis
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: A pH below 7.35 indicates acidosis, and a PCO2 above 45 mmHg
indicates a respiratory origin for the acid buildup.
5. Which epigenetic mechanism involves the addition of a methyl group to the cytosine base
of DNA, typically leading to gene silencing?
A. DNA Methylation
B. RNA Interference
C. Histone Acetylation
D. Translation Inhibition
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation involves adding a methyl group to DNA, which
often prevents transcription factor binding and results in gene silencing.
6. A child is diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis. If both parents are asymptomatic carriers, what is
the probability that their next child will have the disease?
A. 75%
B. 50%
C. 25%
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
|GRADE A+| JUST RELEASED
1. A patient is diagnosed with Barrett esophagus. This conversion of one mature cell type to
another in response to chronic irritation is known as:
A. Dysplasia
B. Anaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often as an adaptation to chronic irritation or inflammation.
2. Which of the following processes occurs during the early stage of cellular hypoxia?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Decreased intracellular sodium concentration
,C. Alkalosis of the intracellular environment
D. Cellular swelling due to Na+/K+ pump failure
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to ATP depletion, causing the failure of the
sodium-potassium pump, which results in sodium accumulation inside the cell and
subsequent osmotic swelling.
3. In the context of fluid and electrolyte balance, which hormone is primarily responsible for
the reabsorption of water independently of sodium in the collecting ducts?
A. Aldosterone
B. Angiotensin II
C. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
D. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: ADH increases the permeability of the distal tubule and
collecting duct to water, facilitating water reabsorption via aquaporins.
4. A patient presents with a serum pH of 7.25, PCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3- of 26 mEq/L.
Which acid-base imbalance is present?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
B. Respiratory Acidosis
, C. Respiratory Alkalosis
D. Metabolic Alkalosis
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: A pH below 7.35 indicates acidosis, and a PCO2 above 45 mmHg
indicates a respiratory origin for the acid buildup.
5. Which epigenetic mechanism involves the addition of a methyl group to the cytosine base
of DNA, typically leading to gene silencing?
A. DNA Methylation
B. RNA Interference
C. Histone Acetylation
D. Translation Inhibition
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: DNA methylation involves adding a methyl group to DNA, which
often prevents transcription factor binding and results in gene silencing.
6. A child is diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis. If both parents are asymptomatic carriers, what is
the probability that their next child will have the disease?
A. 75%
B. 50%
C. 25%
