NSG 500: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PRACTICE EXAM
(2026/2027) QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS |GRADE A+| JUST RELEASED
1. A patient is diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus. The conversion of stratified squamous
epithelium to columnar epithelium is an example of which cellular adaptation?
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Hypertrophy
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often as a response to chronic irritation.
2. During hypoxic cell injury, what is the primary cause of cellular swelling?
A. Increased intracellular potassium
B. Failure of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
C. Decreased intracellular calcium
,D. Rapid breakdown of intracellular glycogen
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to ATP depletion, causing the sodium-potassium
pump to fail. Sodium enters the cell and water follows via osmosis, resulting in swelling.
3. Which mechanism of cell death is characterized by the inflammatory response and cell
bursting?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Autophagy
D. Programmed cell death
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Necrosis involves the loss of plasma membrane integrity,
leading to the leakage of contents and subsequent inflammation, unlike apoptosis.
4. A patient with Turner Syndrome has which chromosomal abnormality?
A. Trisomy 21
B. 45, X
C. 47, XXY
D. 47, XXX
, Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Turner Syndrome is characterized by monosomy of the X
chromosome (45, X) in females.
5. Genomic imprinting involves the silencing of an allele based on which factor?
A. Environmental exposure
B. Number of X chromosomes
C. Parent of origin
D. Mitochondrial DNA mutations
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Imprinting is an epigenetic process where certain genes are
expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner.
6. Which immunoglobulin is the first to be produced in response to a primary infection?
A. IgG
B. IgA
C. IgE
D. IgM
Answer: D
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PRACTICE EXAM
(2026/2027) QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS |GRADE A+| JUST RELEASED
1. A patient is diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus. The conversion of stratified squamous
epithelium to columnar epithelium is an example of which cellular adaptation?
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Hypertrophy
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often as a response to chronic irritation.
2. During hypoxic cell injury, what is the primary cause of cellular swelling?
A. Increased intracellular potassium
B. Failure of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
C. Decreased intracellular calcium
,D. Rapid breakdown of intracellular glycogen
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Hypoxia leads to ATP depletion, causing the sodium-potassium
pump to fail. Sodium enters the cell and water follows via osmosis, resulting in swelling.
3. Which mechanism of cell death is characterized by the inflammatory response and cell
bursting?
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Autophagy
D. Programmed cell death
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Necrosis involves the loss of plasma membrane integrity,
leading to the leakage of contents and subsequent inflammation, unlike apoptosis.
4. A patient with Turner Syndrome has which chromosomal abnormality?
A. Trisomy 21
B. 45, X
C. 47, XXY
D. 47, XXX
, Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Turner Syndrome is characterized by monosomy of the X
chromosome (45, X) in females.
5. Genomic imprinting involves the silencing of an allele based on which factor?
A. Environmental exposure
B. Number of X chromosomes
C. Parent of origin
D. Mitochondrial DNA mutations
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Imprinting is an epigenetic process where certain genes are
expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner.
6. Which immunoglobulin is the first to be produced in response to a primary infection?
A. IgG
B. IgA
C. IgE
D. IgM
Answer: D
